TABLE 1.
Characteristics of participants of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study at the third visit (1993–1995) by quintiles of energy-adjusted total dietary fiber1
| Quintiles
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 (lowest) | 3 | 5 (highest) | P for trend2 | |
| Dietary intake3 | ||||
| Total fiber intake (g) | 10.00 ± 0.064 | 16.84 ± 0.02 | 26.84 ± 0.14 | <0.001 |
| Cereal fiber (g) | 2.52 ± 0.03 | 3.43 ± 0.03 | 4.28 ± 0.06 | <0.001 |
| Fruit fiber (g) | 1.54 ± 0.03 | 3.16 ± 0.04 | 5.14 ± 0.08 | <0.001 |
| Vegetable fiber (g) | 2.32 ± 0.04 | 4.68 ± 0.04 | 9.09 ± 0.11 | <0.001 |
| Carotenoids (IU) | 4350 ± 95 | 8365 ± 115 | 15 549 ± 281 | <0.001 |
| Folate (μg) | 255.1 ± 4.0 | 338.4 ± 4.2 | 440.3 ± 5.0 | <0.001 |
| Vitamin B-6 (mg) | 3.1 ± 0.2 | 4.8 ± 0.3 | 5.5 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
| Vitamin B-12 (μg) | 9.2 ± 0.2 | 10.0 ± 0.3 | 10.1 ± 0.3 | 0.009 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 182.2 ± 5.2 | 229.3 ± 5.9 | 317.6 ± 7.2 | <0.001 |
| Vitamin E (mg) | 60.8 ± 3.2 | 75.8 ± 3.8 | 101.2 ± 4.4 | <0.001 |
| n–3 fatty acids (g) | 0.201 ± 0.006 | 0.261 ± 0.005 | 0.335 ± 0.007 | <0.001 |
| Subject characteristics | ||||
| Age (y) | 52.8 ± 0.1 | 53.7 ± 0.1 | 54.6 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
| Female sex (%) | 40.3 | 60.0 | 62.2 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.7 ± 0.1 | 28.7 ± 0.1 | 28.0 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
| Black race (%) | 21.5 | 19.3 | 20.9 | 0.253 |
| Drinker status | ||||
| Current drinker (%) | 64.2 | 51.7 | 44.7 | <0.001 |
| Former drinker (%) | 18.8 | 22.4 | 24.6 | <0.001 |
| Never drinker (%) | 17.0 | 25.9 | 30.7 | <0.001 |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Current smoker (%) | 27.5 | 15.3 | 12.8 | <0.001 |
| Former smoker (%) | 40.9 | 41.6 | 40.8 | 0.570 |
| Never regular (%) | 31.6 | 43.0 | 46.4 | <0.001 |
| Sports index | 2.38 ± 0.02 | 2.55 ± 0.02 | 2.68 ± 0.02 | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 121.8 ± 0.3 | 121.0 ± 0.3 | 121.2 ± 0.3 | 0.442 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 73.3 ± 0.2 | 72.3 ± 0.2 | 71.7 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes (%) | 11.9 | 15.3 | 15.3 | <0.001 |
1
n = 10 659.
2
Logistic regression and general linear models were used for categorical and continuous variables, respectively. For categorical variables with >2 levels (drinker status and smoking status), P values are for comparisons of the indicated level with all other levels combined.
3
All dietary factors were energy-adjusted and were from both food and supplements.
4
x̄ ± SEM (all such values).