TABLE 2.
Differences in retinal arteriolar caliber (μm) across increasing quintiles of energy-adjusted fiber intake compared with the lowest quintile1
| Quintiles of energy-adjusted fiber intake
|
Change in slope compared with base model | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model2 | 1 (lowest) | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | P for trend3 | |
| % | |||||||
| Total fiber | |||||||
| Median intake (g) | 10.77 | 14.41 | 16.80 | 19.58 | 24.80 | ||
| Base model | 0 | 0.48 (−0.37, 1.34) | 0.55 (−0.30, 1.41) | 1.37 (0.50, 2.23) | 1.56 (0.69, 2.44) | <0.001 | — |
| Multivariate model 1 | 0 | 0.52 (−0.36, 1.40) | 0.53 (−0.36, 1.43) | 1.29 (0.37, 2.21) | 1.42 (0.42, 2.42) | 0.002 | −10 |
| Multivariate model 2 | 0 | 0.19 (−0.65, 1.03) | 0.36 (−0.50, 1.22) | 0.92 (0.03, 1.8) | 1.05 (0.09, 2.01) | 0.012 | −30 |
| Fiber from cereal | |||||||
| Median intake (g) | 1.52 | 2.37 | 3.07 | 3.94 | 5.73 | ||
| Base model | 0 | 0.06 (−0.79, 0.91) | 1.05 (0.20, 1.90) | 1.41 (0.56, 2.26) | 2.57 (1.72, 3.43) | <0.001 | — |
| Multivariate model 1 | 0 | 0.13 (−0.73, 1.00) | 1.05 (0.17, 1.93) | 1.52 (0.63, 2.40) | 2.45 (1.54, 3.36) | <0.001 | −5 |
| Multivariate model 2 | 0 | −0.18 (−1.01, 0.66) | 0.62 (−0.23, 1.47) | 1.06 (0.21, 1.92) | 1.56 (0.69, 2.44) | <0.001 | −34 |
| Fiber from fruit | |||||||
| Median intake (g) | 0.85 | 1.91 | 2.85 | 3.93 | 5.93 | ||
| Base model | 0 | 0.92 (0.06, 1.77) | 0.73 (−0.13, 1.58) | 1.50 (0.64, 2.37) | 1.07 (0.20, 1.94) | 0.015 | — |
| Multivariate model 1 | 0 | 0.83 (−0.05, 1.70) | 0.68 (−0.20, 1.56) | 1.31 (0.41, 2.21) | 0.79 (−0.14, 1.71) | 0.114 | −31 |
| Multivariate model 2 | 0 | 0.58 (−0.26, 1.42) | 0.55 (−0.30, 1.39) | 1.16 (0.30, 2.02) | 0.94 (0.05, 1.83) | 0.028 | −8 |
n = 10 659. 95% CIs in parentheses.
Base model adjusted for central retinal venular equivalent, age, sex, race, and center; multivariate model 1 adjusted for central retinal venular equivalent, age, sex, race, center, BMI, smoking (smoking status, smoking years, age at which smoking started, and cigarettes smoked per day), alcohol intake, occupation, education, physical activity, diabetes status, dietary factors from both food and supplements (total energy intake, glycemic index, carotenoids, folate, n–3 fatty acids, and vitamins B-6, B-12, C, and E), and other sources of fiber (total fiber intake not adjusted for the specific fiber types); multivariate model 2 adjusted as for model 1 and for hypertension, long-term systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and lipids (HDL, LDL, and triacylglycerol).
Based on quintiles scaled by the quintile medians.