Table 2.

Effect of caloric restriction on DNA damage

DNA damage	Species tissue/cells	CR diet (% of ad libitum)	Ages studied (in months)	Changes with CR (% reduction)	Reference
8-hydroxydeoxy-guanine	Brain (Male C57BL/6N mice)	60	15	34	Sohal et al. (104)
	Heart (Male C57BL/6N mice)	60	15	12	Sohal et al. (104)
	Kidney (Male C57BL/6N mice)	60	15	NS	Sohal et al. (104)
	Liver (Male C57BL/6N mice)	60	9–17	NS	Sohal et al. (104)
			23	35
	Skeletal muscle (Male C57BL/6N mice)	60	15	20	Sohal et al. (104)
	Brain (Male B6D2F1 mice)	60	24–26	∼22	Hamilton et al. (111)
	Heart (Male B6D2F1 mice)	60	24–26	∼12	Hamilton et al. (111)
	Liver (Nuclear) (Male B6D2F1 mice)	60	24–26	∼19	Hamilton et al. (111)
	Liver (Mitochondrial) (Male B6D2F1 mice)	60	24–26	∼42	Hamilton et al. (111)
	Kidney (Male B6D2F1 mice)	60	24–26	∼12	Hamilton et al. (111)
	Brain (Male Fischer 344 rats)	NA	6–24	NS	Kaneko et al. (105)
			30	30
		60	24–26	∼32	Hamilton et al. (111)
	Heart (Male Fischer 344 rats)	NA	6–24	NS	Kaneko et al. (105)
			30	34
		60	24–26	∼50	Hamilton et al. (111)
	Kidney (Male Fischer 44 rats)	NA	6–24	NS	Kaneko et al. (105)
			30	45
		60	24–26	NS	Hamilton et al. (111)
		60	22–24	∼27	Ward et al. (112)
	Liver (Male Fischer 344 rats)	NA	6–24	NS	Kaneko et al. (105)
			30	31
	Liver (Nuclei) (Male Fischer 344 rats)	60	3	30	Chung et al. (102)
			24	30
		60	24–26	NS	Hamilton et al. (111)
		60	22–24	∼30	Ward et al. (112)
	Liver (Mitochondrial) (Male Fischer 344 rats)	60	24	20	Chung et al. (102)
		60	24–26	∼50	Hamilton et al. (111)
	Muscle (Male Fischer 344 rats)	60	24–26	∼55	Hamilton et al. (111)
	Brain (Sprague-Dawley rats)	60	24	∼40	Wolf et al. (109)
	Heart (Sprague-Dawley ats)	60	24	∼50	Wolf et al. (109)
	Liver (Sprague-Dawley rats)	60	24	∼40	Wolf et al. (109)
	Skeletal muscle (Sprague-Dawley rats)	60	24	∼30	Wolf et al. (109)
	Intestine (Sprague-Dawley rats)	60	24	∼30	Wolf et al. (109)
	Lymphocytes (Sprague-Dawley rats)	60	24	∼55	Wolf et al. (109)
	Liver (Mitochondrial) (Male Wistar rats)	60	24	∼46	Lopez-Torres et al. (115)
5-hydroxymethyl uracil	Liver (Female Fischer 344 rats)	60	2	43	Djuric et al. (103)
	Mammary gland (Female Fischer 344 rats)	60	2	38	Djuric et al. (103)
Fpg and Endo III sensitive oxidized bases	Aorta (Male B6D2F1 mice)	60	26	∼26	Guo et al. (29)
Single-strand breaks	Brain (Male C57BL/6N mice)	53	6-25	NS	Fu et al. (108)
	Kidney (Male C57BL/6N mice)	60	6–25	NS	Fu et al. (108)
	Liver (Female C57BL/6N mice)	53	6–25	NS	Fu et al. (108)
mtDNA deletions	Brain (Male Fischer 344 rats)	60	6–24	NS	Kang et al. (114)
	Liver (Mitochondrial) (Male Fischer 344 rats)	60	6	NS	Kang et al. (114)
			18	73
			24	71
			24	20
Mutations (hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyl Transferase locus)	Splenic lymphocytes (Female HALH/0)	60	6	NS	Dempsey et al. (100)

*NA = not applicable, NS = not significant and mt = mitochondrial.