Leishmanicidal effect of anti-CD40 and anti-CTLA-4 MAbs in wild-type BALB/c mice. On day 12 after infection, mice were injected once with either control IgG or one of three doses of anti-CD40 or anti-CTLA-4; liver burdens (LDU) were determined on day 21. LDU values for untreated mice on day 14 were used for comparison with day 21 LDU values for treated animals. Treatment of the anti-CD40 group was as follows: rat IgG (0.5 mg; open bar) or MAb at 0.1 mg (diagonally hatched bar), 0.25 mg (closed bar), or 0.5 mg (horizontally hatched bar). Treatment of the anti-CTLA-4 group was as follows: hamster IgG (0.5 mg; open bar) or MAb at 0.1 mg (diagonally hatched bar), 0.3 mg (closed bar), or 0.5 mg (horizontally hatched bar). Results shown are means ± SEM of results from two to three experiments with 7 to 16 mice per group. *, P of <0.05 versus day 14 LDU value and versus day 21 LDU value for IgG-treated controls. **, P of <0.05 versus day 21 LDU value for IgG-treated controls.