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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2008 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Immunol. 2007 Oct 24;19(6):711–720. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2007.08.004

Figure 1. Model summarizing the influence of epithelial cells on innate and adaptive immune responses as well as anti-inflammatory processes in the airways.

Figure 1

The left part of figure shows the expression profiles of PRRs in the epithelium. TLRs and lactosylceramide recognize pathogens on the cell surface. In contrast, TLR3, NODs and RNA helicases recognized pathogens intracellularly. After activation of PRRs, epithelial cells produce a wide range of molecules which enhance innate and adaptive immune responses, cell recruitment and mediate anti-inflammatory responses.