Table 2.

Characteristics independently associated with problem drinking (AUDIT ≥ 8) among HCV seropositive, HIV-negative injection drug users in the STRIVE study, June 2002–May 2004

	Unadjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval)	Adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval)
Study site
Baltimore	Ref.	Ref.
New York City	1.7 (1.2–2.6)	1.4 (0.8–2.4)
Seattle	1.3 (0.8–1.9)	0.9 (0.5–1.6)
Gender
Male	2.0 (1.3–3.1)	2.5 (1.5–4.3)
Female	Ref.	Ref.
Homeless (past 6 months)
No	Ref.	Ref.
Yes	1.9 (1.3–2.7)	1.6 (1.1–2.5)
Primary drug injected
Heroin	Ref.	Ref.
Speedball	2.0 (1.3–2.9)	1.7 (1.03–2.7)
Cocaine/crack	1.8 (0.9–3.7)	2.0 (0.8–4.8)
Amphetamine/other	0.7 (0.3–1.9)	0.6 (0.2–1.9)
Injected with used needles
No	Ref.	Ref.
Yes	2.5 (1.7–3.6)	2.0 (1.3–3.1)
Alcohol treatment (ever)
No	Ref.	Ref.
Yes	3.0 (2.1–4.3)	3.7 (2.4–5.7)
Beck Depression Inventory
<19	Ref.	Ref.
≥ 19	1.8 (1.3–2.6)	1.7 (1.1–2.6)

Note: Injection risks are in the past 3 months. HCV, hepatitis C virus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; AUDIT, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test.