Table 1.
Participant characteristics by hypertension status.a
| Characteristic | Hypertension (n = 4,669) | No hypertension (n = 6,322) | All (n = 10,991) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 56.4 (0.36) | 40.9 (0.25) | 46.5 (0.27) |
| Sex (% male) | 48 (0.93) | 51 (0.56) | 50.0 (0.45) |
| Race/ethnicity (% white) | 76 (1.8) | 73 (1.6) | 74 (1.6) |
| Education (% > high school) | 48 (1.1) | 58 (1.2) | 54 (1.0) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.9 (0.15) | 26.9 (0.10) | 28.0 (0.10) |
| Smoking | |||
| Former smoker (%) | 33 (0.90) | 21 (0.84) | 25 (0.7) |
| Current smoker (%) | 19 (0.74) | 28 (1.0) | 25 (0.7) |
| Cotinineb (nmol/L) | 2.23 (1.84–2.70) | 4.36 (3.52–5.61) | 3.48 (2.87–4.24) |
| Alcohol intake | |||
| Former drinker (%) | 12 (0.97) | 7 (0.53) | 9 (0.6) |
| Current drinker (%) | 54 (1.8) | 69 (1.5) | 63 (1.6) |
| Glomerular filtration rate (1 mL/min/1.73 m2) | 84.5 (0.53) | 95.6 (0.51) | 91.7 (0.46) |
| Blood leadb (μmol/L) | 0.088 (0.085–0.091) | 0.074 (0.072–0.076) | 0.079 (0.077–0.081) |
| Blood cadmiumb (nmol/L) | 3.99 (3.85–4.12) | 3.66 (3.49–3.83) | 3.77 (3.63–3.92) |
| Urine cadmiumb,c (nmol/L) | 2.75 (2.58–2.93) | 2.32 (2.18–2.47) | 2.46 (2.35–2.59) |
| Urine cadmiumb,c (nmol/mmol creatinine) | 0.34 (0.32–0.36) | 0.24 (0.23–0.25) | 0.27 (0.26–0.28) |
To convert serum cotinine from nmol/L to ng/mL, divide by 5.68; blood lead from μmol/L to μg/dL, divide by 0.0483; and blood and urine cadmium from nmol/L to μg/L, divide by 8.897. To convert urine cadmium from nmol/mmol creatinine to μg/g creatinine, divide by 1.006.
a
Hypertension defined as mean systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg, mean diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg, self-reported physician diagnosis, or medication use.
b
Geometric mean (95% CI); other results in the table are arithmetic means or percentages (SE).
c
Subsample (hypertension = 1,515; no hypertension=1,981; all = 3,496).