Table 2.

Change (95% CI) of systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels by blood cadmium and urine cadmium levels (nmol/L).

		Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)		Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
	No.	Model 1	Model 2	Model 1	Model 2
Blood cadmium
Quartile 1 (≤ 1.78)	2,508	0.00 (reference)	0.00 (reference)	0.00 (reference)	0.00 (reference)
Quartile 2 (1.78–3.56)	3,394	0.21 (−0.63 to 1.06)	0.72 (−0.11 to 1.57)	0.60 (−0.10 to 1.31)	1.00 (0.28 to 1.71)
Quartile 3 (3.56–6.23)	2,821	0.87 (−0.36 to 2.11)	1.85 (0.52 to 3.19)	0.92 (−0.07 to 1.91)	2.01 (0.86 to 3.15)
Quartile 4 (> 6.23)	2,268	−0.24 (−1.40 to 0.89)	1.50 (−0.24 to 3.24)	−1.06 (−1.80 to −0.32)	1.23 (0.10 to 2.35)
p-Trend		0.775	0.116	0.080	0.006
90th–10th percentile		−0.15 (−1.18 to 0.88)	1.36 (−0.28 to 3.00)	−0.63 (−1.31 to 0.05)	1.68 (0.57 to 2.78)
Urine cadmiuma,b
Quartile 1 (≤ 1.51)	852	0.00 (reference)	0.00 (reference)	0.00 (reference)	0.00 (reference)
Quartile 2 (1.51–2.93)	895	−0.92 (−2.35 to 0.51)	−0.89 (−2.47 to 0.69)	−0.70 (−1.65 to 0.23)	−0.26 (−1.28 to 0.75)
Quartile 3 (2.93–5.51)	881	−1.01 (−3.25 to 1.23)	−0.55 (−3.03 to 1.93)	−0.63 (−1.78 to 0.51)	0.26 (−0.94 to 1.48)
Quartile 4 (> 5.51)	868	−2.90 (−5.32 to −0.48)	−2.05 (−5.11 to 0.99)	−2.01 (−3.68 to −0.33)	−0.45 (−2.34 to 1.44)
p-Trend		0.031	0.251	0.005	0.565
90th–10th percentile		−2.92 (−5.47 to −0.37)	−1.78 (−4.76 to 1.19)	−2.10 (−3.49 to −0.73)	−0.44 (−1.94 to 1.05)

Model 1 was adjusted for age (years modeled as restricted cubic spline with 5 knots), sex, race/ethnicity, education (< high school, high school, > high school). Model 2 was further adjusted for smoking status (never, former, current), cotinine (log₁₀ nmol/L), alcohol intake (never, former, current), BMI (kg/m²), menopause status (yes, no), antihypertensive medication (yes, no), blood lead (log₁₀ μmol/L)

^aAll models for urine cadmium are adjusted for urine creatinine levels.

^bSubsample (n = 3,496).