Table 1.
BMI (or weight), smoking status, and vitamin C intake of participants involved in studies included in the meta-analysis
| Measured Vitamin C intake (mg/d) | ||||
| Study | BMI/Weight (kg) | Smoking Status | DR/WR/FR | FFQ |
| 1. Bingham et al., 1995 [12] | NR | NR | 87 (56) | 122 (53) |
| Taken from 1994 | ||||
| 2. Block et al., 2001 [33] | Wt = 82.6 (11.0) | non-smoker | NR | NR |
| 3. Boeing et al., 1997 [34] | NR | adjusted for smoking | NR | NR |
| 4. Bolton-Smith et al., 1991 [28] | non-smoker | |||
| both gender | 25.8 (3.2) | 61.1 (24.8) | ||
| 5. Chiplonkar et al., 2002 [35] | NR | NR | NR | |
| Men | BMI = 20.8 (3.3) | |||
| Women | BMI = 20.8 (3.9) | |||
| 6. Costa de Carvalho et al., 1996 [36] | NR | |||
| Men | BMI = 24.8 (3.5) | 88 (79) | ||
| Women | BMI = 22.4 (3.4) | 83 (77) | ||
| 7. Cooney et al., 1995 [37] | NR | Non-smoker | NR | NR |
| 8. Drewnowski et al., 1997 [15] | NR | NR | NR | |
| Men | BMI = 24.4 | |||
| Women | BMI = 22.6 | |||
| 9. EPIC group of Spain, 1997 [38] | DH | |||
| Men | NR | NR | 100.9 (50.1) | 116.4 (86) |
| Women | 110.8 (57) | 121.9 (72.3) | ||
| 10. Faruque et al., 1995 [39] | ||||
| both gender | 20.0 (0.4) | Non-smoker | 83.4 (7.5) | ------ |
| 11. Hudiburgh et al., 1979 [40] | ||||
| Women | NR | NR | 140 (148) | ------ |
| 12. Jacques et al., 1993 [41] | ||||
| Men | NR | NR | ------ | 256 (154) |
| Women | 221 (154) | |||
| 13. Katsouyanni et al., 1997 [42] | ||||
| Men | non-smoker | 170.3 (59.1) | 304.8 (145.5) | |
| Women | 145.7 (44.7) | 327.5 (170.1) | ||
| 14. Lori et al., 1998 [43] | ||||
| Men | 73.1 | |||
| Women | 75.2 | |||
| 15. Malekshah et al., 2006 [44] | ||||
| Men | 24.0 (3.9) | NR | 45 (21) | 89 (54) |
| Women | 26.5 (5.8) | 37 (24) | 69 (42) | |
| 16. McKeowen et al., 2001 [45] | ||||
| Men | 27 (3) | NR | 77 (34) | 111 (41) |
| Women | 25 (4) | 95 (48) | 132 (65) | |
| 17. Palli et al., 1999 [46] | * | adjusted for smoking | ||
| Men | ------ | 92.7 (2.0) | ||
| Women | 95.4 (2.2) | |||
| 18. Porrini et al., 1995 [47] | 21.1 (2.7) | Non-smoker | ||
| both gender | 86.4 (39.7) | 108.7 (49.2) | ||
| 19. Riemersma et al., 2000 [48] | 26.1 (0.3) | adjusted for smoking | ------ | 54.8 (1.8) |
| 20. Rousseau et al. 2004 [49] | 2.4 (2.5) | Non-smoker | ------ | |
| 21. Schroder et al., 2001 [50] | ||||
| both gender | 22.4 (2.9) | 8% smoker | 105 (100) | 267 (182) |
| 22. Simon et al., 2001 [2] | 25.5–26.6 | Adjusted | ------ | |
| 23. Sinha et al., 1992 [51] | Wt = 80.9 (1.34) kg | Non-smoker | ------ | 155 (11.0) |
| 24. Tusgane et al., 1998 [52] | Adjusted for smoking | 55.7 | ||
| 25. Wright et al., 1995 [53] | Normal population | Smoker and non-smoker | ||
| Men | 66 (5) | |||
| Women | 72 (5) | |||
*317 subject < 23.4, 322 subjects 23.4–26.3, 306 subjects > 26.3
NR not reported NA not available DH dietary history