Table 3.
Historical comparison of reported mean values (standard deviation) of the intervertebral angulations and translations for cervical flexion and extension at each spinal level
| Intervertebral movement | C2/3 Level | C3/4 Level | C4/5 Level | C5/6 Level | C6/7 Level |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Angulation (degrees) | |||||
| Bhalla and Simmons [3] | 9 (1) | 15 (2) | 23 (1) | 19 (1) | 18 (3) |
| Penning [28] | 12 | 18 | 20 | 20 | 15 |
| Dvorak et al. [7] | 12.0(3.0) | 17.2 (3.9) | 21.1 (3.5) | 22.6 (4.2) | 21.4 (3.7) |
| Panjabi et al. [27] | 6.2 (2.3) | 7.7 (5.0) | 10.1 (4.9) | 9.9 (4.8) | 7.1 (4.0) |
| Frobin et al. [8] | 8.4 (3.4) | 15.2 (4.7) | 17.0 (5.5) | 17.9 (6.6) | 11.4 (6.8) |
| Reitman et al. [32] | 9.9 (4) | 15.2 (3) | 16.9 (4) | 15.8 (4) | 13.5 (5) |
| Present study | 13.5 (4.8) | 17.3 (7.4) | 22.6 (7.9) | 19.1 (6.6) | 18.0 (9.1) |
| Translation (mm) | |||||
| Frobin et al. [8] | 1.00 | 1.72 | 1.89 | 1.21 | 0.30 |
| Reitman et al. [32] | 1.73 | 2.26 | 2.41 | 1.86 | 0.99 |
| Pickett et al. [30] | 1.56 | 2.16 | 2.45 | 2.05 | 1.14 |
| Present study | 1.4 (0.3) | 2.1 (0.5) | 2.5 (0.6) | 2.2 (0.6) | 1.3 (1.0) |