Figure 3.

(A) The distance dependence of the effect of single mutations. Above 12.5 Å the effect of a point is rarely above 0.5 units. (B) ɛ_apparent as a function of distance between the formally charged atoms of mutated residue and the target group. The large variation in ɛ_apparent for small distances is an effect of the dielectric properties of the protein molecule and the appropriateness of the pKa values for inducing a ΔpKa. At larger distances ɛ_apparent becomes representative of the “average” dielectric properties of the protein and its surrounding solvent.