Figure 4. Regulation of MKP-1 expression by immunomodulatory agents.
Anti-inflammatory/immunosuppressive agents, such as glucocorticoids, IL-10, and glutamine, induce/augment MKP-1 expression, leading to inhibition of the p38 and JNK cascades and attenuation of inflammatory response. In contrast, pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IFN-γ and MIF, inhibit MKP-1 expression, thereby perpetuating the p38 and JNK signalling pathways and enhancing the inflammatory response.