Table 3.
Relationship between carotenoid intake and knee structures
| Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||
| Regression coefficient (odds ratio (95% confidence interval)) | P value | Regression coefficient (odds ratio (95% confidence interval)) | P value | |
| α-Carotene | ||||
| Cartilage volumea | -65.6 (-194.8 to 63.6) | 0.32 | -1.3 (-77.0 to 74.4) | 0.97 |
| Cartilage defectsb | 1.02 (0.81–1.30) | 0.84 | 1.01 (0.79–1.30) | 0.91 |
| Bone areac | -32.8 (-87.6 to 22.0) | 0.24 | -3.8 (-33.1 to 25.4) | 0.80 |
| Bone marrow lesionsd | 1.15 (0.83–1.58) | 0.40 | 1.13 (0.80–1.61) | 0.48 |
| β-Carotene | ||||
| Cartilage volume | -43.3 (-172.9 to 86.3) | 0.51 | 2.5 (-75.6 to 80.6) | 0.95 |
| Cartilage defects | 0.97 (0.76–1.22) | 0.77 | 0.95 (0.74–1.23) | 0.72 |
| Bone area | -26.3 (-81.3 to 28.6) | 0.35 | -12.5 (-42.7 to 17.6) | 0.42 |
| Bone marrow lesions | 0.97 (0.68–1.36) | 0.85 | 0.92 (0.62–1.34) | 0.65 |
| β-Cryptoxanthin | ||||
| Cartilage volume | -27.2 (-155.9 to 101.5) | 0.68 | -32.5 (-108.1 to 43.1) | 0.40 |
| Cartilage defects | 0.87 (0.69–1.10) | 0.25 | 0.89 (0.70–1.14) | 0.36 |
| Bone area | -8.4 (-63.1 to 46.3) | 0.76 | -25.5 (-54.4 to 3.5) | 0.09 |
| Bone marrow lesions | 0.64 (0.39–1.06) | 0.08 | 0.64 (0.38–1.07) | 0.09 |
| Lutein and zeaxanthin | ||||
| Cartilage volume | 0.8 (-128.4 to 130.0) | 0.99 | -2.4 (-79.2 to 74.5) | 0.95 |
| Cartilage defects | 0.83 (0.65–1.05) | 0.13 | 0.83 (0.64–1.07) | 0.14 |
| Bone area | -5.8 (-60.7 to 49.0) | 0.84 | -4.3 (-34.0 to 25.5) | 0.78 |
| Bone marrow lesions | 0.68 (0.44–1.06) | 0.09 | 0.68 (0.43–1.08) | 0.10 |
| Lycopene | ||||
| Cartilage volume | 86.8 (-41.6 to 215.2) | 0.19 | -9.9 (-87.0 to 67.3) | 0.80 |
| Cartilage defects | 0.98 (0.78–1.24) | 0.89 | 1.04 (0.81–1.35) | 0.75 |
| Bone area | 36.6 (-17.9 to 91.2) | 0.19 | -9.7 (-39.5 to 20.1) | 0.52 |
| Bone marrow lesions | 0.75 (0.49–1.15) | 0.19 | 0.78 (0.51–1.21) | 0.27 |
aChange in tibial cartilage volume (mm3) per standard-deviation increase in the respective carotenoid intake before and after adjusting for energy intake, age, gender, body mass index, and tibial plateau bone area.
bOdds ratio of tibiofemoral cartilage defects being present per standard-deviation increase in the respective carotenoid intake before and after adjusting for energy intake, age, gender, body mass index, and tibial cartilage volume.
cChange in tibial plateau bone area (mm2) per standard-deviation increase in the respective carotenoid intake before and after adjusting for energy intake, age, gender, and body mass index.
dOdds ratio of tibiofemoral bone marrow lesions being present per standard-deviation increase in the respective carotenoid intake before and after adjusting for energy intake, age, gender, and body mass index.