Table 3.

Summary of data on cooling methods based on conduction in the treatment of classic heatstroke

Study (country, year)	Population	Study design	Intervention	Outcomes measured	Results	Limitations
[16] (U.S., 1982)	Classic heatstroke (n = 28)	Case series	Iced water immersion; brisk massage with ice; target Trect: ≤38.9°C	Cooling time; mortality; morbidity	Cooling time: < 30 minutes, 93%; cooling time: 30 to 45 minutes, 7%; mortality: 14.3%; neurologic morbidity: 14.3%	Patients switched to brisk massage were not identified
[24] (U.S., 1986)	Classic heatstroke (n = 39)	Case series	Ice packs to axilla and groin; cold wet sheets applied to torso; ice water lavage; cooling blankets; target Trect: ≤38.9°C	Cooling time; mortality	Cooling time: < 60 minutes, 69%; mortality: 15%; cooling time: > 60 minutes, 31%; mortality: 33%;	Retrospective assignment of group; comparability of the groups at baseline questionable

T_rect: rectal temperature.