Table 1.

Surrogate vs. clinical outcomes

Intervention	Disease	Surrogate	Clinical Outcome
Growth hormone	Critical illness	↑ nitrogen balance	↑ mortality [13]
Milrinone	CHF	↑ exercise	↑ mortality [14,15]
Flecanide	Post-AMI	↓ arrhythmias	↑ mortality [16,17]
Transfusion	ICU anemia	↑ hematocrit	↑ mortality [18]
Inhaled nitric oxide	ARDS	↑ oxygenation	No mortality benefit [19]
Surfactant	ARDS	↑ oxygenation	No mortality benefit [20]

CHF = congestive heart failure; AMI = acute myocardial infarction; ICU = intensive care unit; ARDS = Acute respiratory distress syndrome