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Radiative forcing since preindustrial times, by substance and transport subsector. (A) Global mean RF (mW/m2) for 2000 due to transport, relative to preindustrial times. (B) Global mean net RF (including all components in A) for 2000 due to transport, relative to preindustrial times, per sector. Uncertainty ranges are given for 1 SD. (BC and OC from off-road vehicles and equipment are not included but are estimated at 13 and −1.1 mW/m2, respectively, for 1996 emissions.)
