|
Units of Rates |
Population of Interest |
Statistics as reported in the paper |
Summary of Main Findings |
|
Bhugra et al 1999a |
Attempted suicide Per 10 000 person years |
Women |
|
Women |
Men |
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Young South Asian women are vulnerable to increased rates of DSH. |
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Rate, 95%CI |
Rate, 95%CI |
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Attempted suicide rates highest in South Asian women than other ethnic groups but highest in white men, maybe because inclusion of Irish in white category. |
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South Asian |
37.7, 29.02–47.1 |
13.9, 8.9–20.8 |
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In men highest rate in Whites aged 16–24 and Black people aged 25–34. |
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White |
23.3, 19.7–27.4 |
24.6, 20.9–28.7 |
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Black |
23.9, 13.9–38.7 |
11.3, 4.6–23.2 |
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Other |
30.1, 17.6–48.2 |
8.7, 2.8–20.3 |
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Attempted suicide rates highest in South Asian women aged 16–24 (92.7/10000 person years), aged 25–34 (34.4) and also high in "other" ethnic women aged 16–24 (75.9 per 100000 person years) and aged 25–34 (41.1). |
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White men also had high rates compared with other ethnic groups in 16–24 (30.2), 25–34 (28.1), 35–44 (30.1), as did black men in 25–34 age group (31.8). |
|
Burke 1976a |
Per 100 000 population |
South Asian Adults |
Age |
Female Rate |
Male Rate |
Total Rate |
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Proportion of South Asians in self harm group was 60% of those expected considering population distributions |
|
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|
15–24 |
213 |
74 |
123 |
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25–44 |
95 |
70 |
66 |
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45–64 |
32 |
0 |
9 |
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216 |
57 |
79 |
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Rate lower than native population (57/100,000, 126/100,000). |
Women more common among 15–24 group and men more common at later ages |
Burke 1976b |
Per 100 000 persons years |
West Indian Adults |
Age |
Female |
Male |
Total |
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|
|
|
Rates among Caribbean females aged 15–24 twice that of males same age. |
|
|
|
15–24 |
514 |
101 |
336 |
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25–44 |
84 |
66 |
74 |
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Total |
180 |
56 |
113 |
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Low risk of attempted suicide in Caribbean people |
Dean et al 1976 |
Rates |
Adults |
Rates increasing in all countries, especially in 15–44 age groups, especially among women. |
Country comparison of rates, England & Wales rate is greater than those of Scotland, Northern Ireland, or Republic of Ireland |
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Rates among women in England and Wales are twice the rate for Scotland and Ireland, and four times the rate for Republic of Ireland. |
|
Lockhart et al 1987 |
Risk expressed as % at two time points 1971 and 1984 |
Adults |
1971: 93 patients admitted on 100 occasions from population of 92 720 |
An increase in admissions for among West Indians for self-poisoning. |
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1983/84: 86 patients admitted on 94 occasions from 73 929 |
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Risk of admissions per week halved from 5.8 to 2.5 |
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Incidence rate halved from 326 to 178/100 000 persons a year |
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Rise in WI admissions from 0 to 7%, p < 0.05, fall among South Asians: 1 to 7%. P = 0.13, fall of Europids, p < 0.01 |
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In 1971 and 1981, 6.4% of local population of WI origin |
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In 1983/4: 7% of local population of WI origin |
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McKenzie et al 2003 |
OR: unadjusted and adjusted for age, gender, MADRS, education, Diagnosis, time since onset) |
Adults |
|
AC |
WB |
OR |
OR (adjusted) |
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Lower prevalence of suicidal behaviour in Caribbean origin people with psychosis not present in under 35's. |
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Attempted Suicide (AS) |
14 |
29 |
0.52, 0.26 to 1.02 |
0.54, 0.26 to 1.13 |
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AS for < 35 yo |
12(13%) |
13 (18%) |
0.7, 0.36 to 1.51 |
0.93, 0.37 to 2.32 |
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AS for > 35 yo |
2(2.1%) |
16 (11.4%) |
0.17 (0.04–0.71) |
0.19 (0.04 to 0.89) |
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AS or Completed Suicide |
17 |
33 |
0.56, 0.3 to 1.03 |
0.59, 0.3 to 1.14 |
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(age/gender adjusted = 0.49, 0.26 -0.92, p = 0.06) |
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Caribbean origin patients aged > 35 5 times less likely to attempt suicide |
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No difference in under 35's. |
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Attempted & completed suicide combined Caribbean origin patients aged > 35 4 times less likely. |
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Caribbean origin patients aged < 35 risk same as British whites |
|
Merrill et al 1986 |
Rates of self poisoning per 100 000 per year |
Adults |
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|
UK born |
Asian born |
p value |
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Rate for self-poisoning higher in Asian females than white females. Culture conflict important. Asian patients less likely to have previously self-poisoned, received psychiatric treatment or psychiatric diagnosis. |
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Men |
25–34 |
438 |
146 |
< 0.0005 |
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35–44 |
240 |
80 |
< 0.025 |
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> 44 |
98 |
28 |
< 0.05 |
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Overall |
190 |
102 |
< 0.0005 |
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Women |
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Overall |
299 |
376 |
< 0.05 |
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Merrill et al 1987 |
Rates of self poisoning/100 000 per year |
Adult |
|
|
West Indian |
White British |
p |
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Not very different from Asians, could be a reflection of service characteristics rather than ethnic group. |
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Overall |
Men |
103 |
190 |
< 0.025 |
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Men 25–34 |
129 |
438 |
< 0.05 |
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Women > 45 |
30 |
133 |
< 0.05 |
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Rates for over 25s lower for men WI (men: p < 0.001; women: p < 0.005) |
|
Merrill et al 1988 |
Rates per 100 000 per year |
Adult |
Men |
Asians |
West Indian |
English |
Irish |
Scottish |
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Asian aribbean young females had greater rates than English females. Irish & Scottish of both sexes had higher rates than English. |
|
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25–34 yo: |
146***** |
129 |
406 |
662 |
1199* |
|
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Power and denominator problems |
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> 35 |
48** |
57* |
131 |
156 |
462***** |
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< 16 |
113***** |
98*** |
236 |
243 |
648***** |
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Women |
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25–34 yo: |
501 |
257 |
447 |
853* |
565**** |
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> 35 |
90 |
37 |
167 |
367***** |
547**** |
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< 16 |
402 |
229* |
341 |
456* |
626* |
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*p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 ***p < 0.005 ****p < 0.001 *****p < 0.0005 |
|
Neeleman et al 1996 |
Referral Ratios |
Adult |
Unadjusted Referral Ratios (Ethnic groups generally younger) for all subjects |
Indian female rates of Self Harm are 2.6 times the rate of white women |
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|
Men |
Women |
All |
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UK born Indian females had 7.8 times rate of UK born white females. Unemployment associated with a 9-fold increase in referral rates in whites and 3-fold increase in minorities. |
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Black Caribbean |
0.56, 0.16–1.43 |
0.61, 0.24–1.26 |
0.61, 0.3–1.09 |
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South Asian |
0.39, 0.01–2.17 |
1.68, 0.61–3.66 |
1.15,0.46–2.37 |
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Indian |
0 |
2.6, 0.53–7.6 |
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All Ethnic groups |
0.45, 0.17–0.98 |
0.78, 0.45–1.27 |
0.65, 0.41–0.99 |
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Unadjusted Referral Ratios (Ethnic groups generally younger) for UK born only |
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Men |
Women |
All |
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AC |
0.19, 0.00–1.05 |
0.41, 0.08–1.20 |
0.32, 0.09–0.82 |
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AS |
1.2, 0.03–6.68 |
3.53, 0.96–9.03 |
2.55, 0.83–5.95 |
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IN |
0 |
7.76, 1.6–22.66 |
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Cross validation study: ethnicity assigned on basis of name, to check that referral to DSH may be biased by ethnic group rather than reflect attendance. Only possible for Indian names |
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Attendance ratio Indian Men (indirect standardization): 1.92, 0.52–10.24; Indian women: 3.07, 1.4 to 5.8 |
|
Wright 1981 |
Annual increase in % admissions |
Adult |
Mean annual increase % |
|
% born in country of origin for ethnic group |
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Self-poisoning is an inarticulate cry for help or even a cry of frustration. |
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1976 |
1979 |
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Caucasian |
9.5 |
100 |
100 |
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West Indian |
31.5 |
69.6 |
48 |
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Asian |
14.5 |
83.9 |
70.3 |
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Studies of Adolescents |
|
Hawton 2002 |
Prevalence |
Adolescents |
Males |
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Females |
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Lower risk among South Asian females not sustained in multivariate analyses |
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No |
% self harm |
OR |
95%CI |
No |
% self harm |
OR |
95%CI |
|
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|
White |
2536 |
3.3 |
1 |
|
2727 |
11.6 |
1 |
|
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Asian |
371 |
2.7 |
0.82 |
0.42–1.58 |
254 |
6.7 |
0.55 |
0.33–0.91 |
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Black |
68 |
0 |
- |
- |
89 |
6.7 |
0.55 |
0.24–1.27 |
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Other |
74 |
6.8 |
2.14 |
0.84–5.85 |
72 |
13.9 |
1.23 |
0.62–2.42 |
|
McGibben et al 1992 |
Per 1000 persons a year |
Adolescents |
Overall rates: 2.33/1000/year |
Excess admission for DSP in Asian and white girls |
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Asians = 2.47/1000/year |
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White = 2.31/1000/year |
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Asian boys: 0..88/1000/year |
White Boys 1.14/1000/year |
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Asian girl: 4.06/1000/year |
White Girls: 3.47/1000/year |
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(NS) |
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Religion: NS, but a trend for more Sikhs to be admitted: Sikh 3.17/1000/year, Muslim 1.76, Hindu 1.46 |
|
Bhugra et al 2003 |
Rates of DSH per 10 000 |
Adolescents |
|
White |
South Asian |
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Female Self Harm rates are greater than male rates for South Asians & Whites. |
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Male aged 10–14: |
7.3 |
9 |
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Rates for South Asian and White women aged 14–15 do not differ much |
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Male aged 14–15: |
62 |
- |
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Self Harm rates greater in white females aged 10–14 compared with South Asian |
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Female aged 10–14: |
51 |
21 |
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Female aged 14–15: |
158 |
127 |
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Female aged > 15: |
44 |
- |
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