Table 1.

Functional MRI findings in language related brain areas in schizophrenia.

SZ=schizophrenia, NC=Normal Controls, m=males, f=females.

Reference	Sample size (n)	Mean age (yrs)	Sex (m/f)	Task design	Major findings
Kircher et al, 2001	SZ 6, NC 6	SZ 34.3, NC 34.0	All m	Speech generation task. Seven Rorschach cards were presented on the screen during scanning and subjects were asked to describe them. Event- related design.	Severity of thought disorder was correlated positively with activity in the cerebellar vermis, right body of caudate, right precentral gyrus; and correlated negatively with left superior temporal gyrus, and the posterior part of middle temporal gyrus.
Kiehl & Liddle, 2001	SZ 11, NC 11	SZ 26.6, NC 27.0	6m/5f in SZ, 6m/5f in NC	Auditory oddball task. Event-related design.	Patients showed reduced activation in the bilateral anterior superior temporal gyri, left supramarginal gyrus, right superior and inferior parietal lobule, anterior and posterior cingulated, thalamus, and right lateral frontal cortex
Menon et al, 2001	SZ 11, NC 13	SZ 44.6 NC 42.5	All m	2-back auditory working memory (WM) task. Block design.	Patients showed decreased lateralization of activation and significant WM related activation deficits in bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortices, frontal operculum, inferior parietal , and superior parietal cortex.
Ngan et al, 2003	SZ 14, NC 29	SZ 35.1, NC 29.3	12m/2f in SZ, 21m/8f in NC	Auditory oddball task. Event-related design.	Patients showed greater differential activation between speech and nonspeech in right temporal cortex, left superior frontal cortex, and the left temporal-parietal junction. The magnitude of the difference in the left temporal parietal junction was significantly correlated with severity of disorganized thinking.
Woodruff et al, 1997	SZ trait- positive 8, trait- negative 7, NC 8	SZ trait- positive 36, trait- negative 34.6, NC 35.3	All m	Auditory perception of speech task. Block design.	Reduced in the left superior temporal gyrus but increased in the right middle temporal gyrus in the combined schizophrenic groups relative to the healthy comparison group. Comparison of the trait-positive and trait-negative patients revealed no clear difference in the power of temporal cortical activation.
Curtis et al, 1998	SZ 5, NC 5	SZ 29.6, NC 31.6	All m	Verbal fluency task. Block design.	Schizophrenic subjects showed significantly reduced power of response in the left dorsal prefrontal cortex, the inferior frontal gyrus, and the insula but significantly increased power of response in the medial parietal cortex.
Sommer et al, 2001	SZ 12, NC 12	SZ 27.0, NC 28.0	All m	Verb generation and semantic decision reverse read task. Block design.	Reduced leftward language-laterality in SZ group was related to increased action in the right hemisphere.
Sommer er al, 2003	SZ 12, NC 12	SZ 33.6 NC 32.0	All f	The same task as in Sommer et al, 2001	Reduced leftward language-laterality in SZ group was related to increased action in the right hemisphere. No gender difference was found compared with the findings in Sommer et al, 2001.