. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2008 Jul 1.

Published in final edited form as: Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007 Jul;2(Suppl 1):S13–S19. doi: 10.2215/CJN.04311206

Table 1.

Examples of viral genes and their roles in kidney-related host pathogenesis.

Virus	Number of Viral Proteins		Role in host pathogenesis	Reference
	Total	Non-structural, accessory ^*
B19	4(9^#)	2(4^#)	Cytotoxic; induces IL-6 expression None identified	3;57
B19		NS1 NS2	Cytotoxic; induces IL-6 expression None identified	3;57
BK	6	3	Blocks apoptosis, increases cell division None identified	38
BK		T antigen t antigen, agnoprotein	Blocks apoptosis, increases cell division None identified	38
CMV	~160	~100	Immunomodulatory	4
HCV	11	3	Ablates TLR3 signaling: blocks dsRNA-induced antiviral response Activates STAT3, increases IL-8 production; Inhibits PKR: blocks dsRNA-induced response	7;8 7;8
HCV		NS3/NS4a complex NS5a		7;8 7;8
HIV-1	15	6	Mechanism unknown, possible contribution to disease in transgenic mice Hijacks Src-signaling (Stat3 & MAPK1,2 targets); Hijacks the cell cycle (Cyclin D1 expression & Rb phosphorylation) Mechanism unknown, contributes to disease in transgenic mice None identified	13;23 15;34 22;23
HIV-1		Tat Nef Vpr Rev, Vif, Vpu		13;23 15;34 22;23

Non-structural proteins with enzymatic functions are not included.

Nine unique mRNA transcripts have been identified; expression and/or function have not been determined for all putative proteins.