Table 2.
Polymorphisms and disease in the human CC subfamily.
| Ligand | Polymorphism | Location | Symbol | Disease involved | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CCL1 | SNP (A/T) | Intron 2 | rs2282691 | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | [91] |
| CCL2 | SNP -2518 (G/A) | Promoter | rs1024611 | Systemic sclerosis | [92] |
| Asthma | [93, 94] | ||||
| Systemic lupus erythematosus | [95–97] | ||||
| Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis | [98] | ||||
| Renal transplantation | [99] | ||||
| Breast cancer | [100] | ||||
| Long-term haemodialysis | [101] | ||||
| Long-term haemodialysis | [101] | ||||
| IgA nephropathy | [102] | ||||
| HLA-B27 associated disease | [103] | ||||
| Coronary artery disease | [104, 105] | ||||
| Myocardial infarction | [106] | ||||
| Alzheimer's disease association | [107] | ||||
| Major depressive disorder | [108] | ||||
| Type 1 diabetes | [109] | ||||
| Type 2 diabetes | [110] | ||||
| HIV-1 infection | [33] | ||||
| Pulmonary tuberculosis | [111] | ||||
| Cardiomyopathy in human Chagas' disease | [112] | ||||
| Hepatitis B virus (HBV) clearance | [113] | ||||
| Hepatitis C virus (HCV) severity | [34] | ||||
| Haplotypes | Multiple sclerosis | [114, 115] | |||
| Haplotypes | HIV-1 infection | [116] | |||
| CCL3 | Haplotypes | Multiple sclerosis | [114, 115, 117] | ||
| Haplotypes | HIV-1 infection | [35, 36] | |||
| CCL4 | Haplotypes | HIV-1 infection | [35] | ||
| CCL4L | SNP +59 (C/T) | Exon 2 | rs3744595 | HIV-1 infection | [39] |
| SNP +590 (A/G) | Intron 2 | rs4796195 | HIV-1 infection | [38] | |
| CCL5 | SNP -403 (G/A) | Promoter | rs2107538 | Allergic rhinitis | [118] |
| Atopy and asthma | [119–121] | ||||
| Atopic dermatits | [40–42] | ||||
| Renal damage in SLE | [122] | ||||
| Rheumatoid arthritis | [123, 124] | ||||
| Multiple sclerosis | [125] | ||||
| HIV-1 infection | [36, 126, 127] | ||||
| HCV infection | [128, 129] | ||||
| Sarcoidosis | [130] | ||||
| Coronary arteriosclerosis | [131] | ||||
| Hypercholesterolaemia | [132] | ||||
| Cardiac mortality in type 2 diabetes | [133] | ||||
| SNP -28 (C/G) | Promoter | rs2280788 | Allergic rhinitis | [118] | |
| Asthma | [134, 135] | ||||
| Nephropathy in type 2 diabetes | [136] | ||||
| HIV-1 infection | [36, 43, 127] | ||||
| Multiple sclerosis | [125] | ||||
| Systemic lupus erythematosus | [137] | ||||
| Atopic dermatitis | [42] | ||||
| SNP In1.1 (T/C) | Intron 1 | rs2280789 | Cardiac mortality in type 2 diabetes | [133] | |
| HIV-1 infection | [37, 127, 138] | ||||
| Haplotypes | HIV-1 infection | [36] | |||
| Haplotypes | Type 1 diabetes | [139] | |||
| CCL7 | Microsatellite | Promoter | Multiple sclerosis | [140, 141] | |
| Haplotypes | HIV-1 infection | [116] | |||
| CCL8 | SNP +11 (A/C) | Exon 3 | rs1133763 | HCV infection | [128] |
| Haplotypes | Multiple sclerosis | [114] | |||
| CCL11 | SNP -576 (C/T) | Promoter | rs4795896 | Asthma | [44, 45] |
| SNP -426 (C/T) | Promoter | rs16969415 | Atopic dermatitis | [45, 142] | |
| Asthma | [45] | ||||
| SNP -384 (A/G) | Promoter | rs17809012 | Atopic dermatitis | [44, 142] | |
| Asthma | [45] | ||||
| SNP +67 (G/A) | Exon 1 | rs3744508 | Asthma | [46, 47] | |
| Myocardial infarction | [143] | ||||
| Haplotypes | Multiple sclerosis | [114] | |||
| Haplotypes | HIV-1 infection | [116] | |||
| CCL13 | Haplotypes | Multiple sclerosis | [114] | ||
| CCL15 | Haplotypes | Multiple sclerosis | [114, 115] | ||
| CCL18 | Haplotypes | HIV-1 infection | [35] | ||
| CCL24 | SNP +179 (T/C) | Intron 1 | rs2302004 | Asthma | [144] |
| Ulcerative colitis | [145] | ||||
| SNP +275 (C/T) | Intron 1 | rs2302005 | Asthma | [144] | |
| Ulcerative colitis | [145] | ||||
| SNP +1265 (A/G) | Intron 2 | rs11465310 | Asthma | [47, [48] | |
| CCL26 | SNP +77 (C/T) | Intron 2 | rs2240478 | Asthma | [144] |
| SNP +1577 (G/A) | Intron 3 | rs6965556 | Rheumatoid arthritis | [146] | |
| SNP +2497 (T/G) | 3′UTR | rs2302009 | Rheumatoid arthritis | [146] | |
| Asthma | [144] | ||||
| Allergic rhinitis | [147] |