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mRNA expression levels of the major cytokines/chemokines in the placental explants of the HIV-1-infected (+) and non-infected (○) women. The mRNA expression levels are referenced to a term placental tissue (reference calibrator: cal). The amount of target gene in the sample and in the calibrator was normalized to the endogenous reference (18S RNA). The values for each placenta are plotted and the medians are indicated (—).
