Table 3.

Exclusion criteria/contraindications for total lumbar disc replacement

Central or lateral spinal stenosis

Facet joint arthrosis/symptomatic facet joint problems

Spondylolysis/spondylolisthesis

Spinal instability (iatrogenic/altered posterior elements, e.g. following laminectomy)

Major deformity/curvature deviations (e.g. scoliosis)

Metabolic bone disease (e.g. manifest osteoporosis/osteomalacia)

Previous operation with severe scarring and radiculopathy

Compromised vertebral body (irregular endplate shape)

Previous/latent infection

Metal allergy

Spinal tumor

Post-traumatic segments