Table 4.

Pooled Efficacy Outcomes of Treatment Versus Placebo

Outcomes	Number of Studies	Point Estimate (95% CI)	Heterogeneity (I2) (%)
Sleep onset latency (WMD)
Benzodiazepine
Polysomnography	11	−10.0 min (−16.6, −3.4)	72.6
Sleep Diary	26	−19.6 min (−23.9, −15.3)	55.5
Non-benzodiazepines
Polysomnography	12	−12.8 min (−16.9, −8.8)	39.3
Sleep Diary	34	−17.0 min (−20.0, −14.0)	64.8
Antidepressants
Polysomnography	4	−7.0 min (−10.7, −3.3)	34.1
Sleep Diary	2	−12.2 min (−22.3, −2.2)	0
Wakefulness after sleep onset (WMD)
Benzodiazepine
Polysomnography	5	−16.7 min (−25.3, −8.1)	0
Sleep Diary	4	−39.9 min (−71.0, −8.8)	68.2
Non-benzodiazepines
Polysomnography	3	−7.0 min (−14.6, 0.7)	0
Sleep Diary	12	−15.0 min (−22.3, −7.7)	66.5
Antidepressants
Polysomnography	2	−12.2 min (−17.5, −7.0)	0
Sleep Diary	1	−7.1 min (−19.1, 4.9)	NA
Sleep efficiency (WMD)
Benzodiazepine
Polysomnography	8	7.4% (5.2, 9.6)	0
Sleep Diary	5	7.9% (3.3, 12.5)	69.0
Non-benzodiazepines
Polysomnography	7	4.7% (3.1, 6.2)	0
Sleep Diary	4	5.0% (1.5, 8.6)	0
Antidepressants
Polysomnography	5	13.6% (9.5, 17.7)	0
Sleep Diary	0	NA	NA
Total sleep time (WMD)
Benzodiazepine
Polysomnography	9	32.7 min (16.0, 49.4)	66.3
Sleep Diary	12	52.6 min (38.8, 66.5)	58.9
Non-benzodiazepines
Polysomnography	9	11.4 min (−0.5, 23.2)	33.6
Sleep Diary	25	31.5 min (25.6, 37.5)	54.3
Antidepressants
Polysomnography	4	79.6 min (48.8, 110.3)	56.1
Sleep Diary	1	−54.3 min (−109.8, 1.2)	NA
Sleep quality (SMD)
Benzodiazepine	24	0.79 SD (0.65, 0.92)	47.0
Non-benzodiazepines	23	0.47 SD (0.37, 0.56)	51.3
Antidepressants	4	0.59 SD (0.28, 0.90)	35.4
Quality of life (SMD)
Non-benzodiazepines	2	0.38 SD (0.19, 0.57)	29.0
Adverse events (RD)
Benzodiazepine	34	0.15 SD (0.10, 0.20)	69.6
Non-benzodiazepines	27	0.07 SD (0.04, 0.11)	66.8
Antidepressants	3	0.09 SD (0.01, 0.18)	0

CI  Confidence interval, NA  not applicable, RD  risk difference, SMD  standardized mean difference, WMD  weighted mean difference