Table 2.
Multivariate Models for Initiation of SMBG, Prevalence of SMBG Users, and Intensity of SMBG Use Among Newly Treated Oral and Insulin Patients
| Initiation of SMBG | Prevalence of SMBG users | Intensity of SMBG | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oral | Insulin | Oral | Insulin | Oral | Insulin | |
| HR [95%CI] | HR [95%CI] | OR [95%CI] | OR [95%CI] | IRR [95%CI] | IRR [95%CI] | |
| Follow-up years* | NA | NA | 0.67† [0.64, 0.71] | 0.82‡ [0.69, 0.97] | 0.84† [0.81, 0.87] | 0.93 [0.87, 1.01] |
| Black (vs white) | 1.08 [0.80, 1.46] | 1.94 [0.97, 3.87] | 0.80‡ [0.63, 0.99] | 0.85 [0.43, 1.67] | 0.75‡ [0.63, 0.90] | 0.41† [0.27, 0.62] |
| Male (vs female) | 0.79‡ [0.65, 0.96] | 1.18 [0.65, 2.14] | 0.86 [0.71, 1.03] | 1.06 [0.57, 1.97] | 0.90 [0.76, 1.07] | 0.78 [0.56, 1.09] |
| Age | 1.00 [0.99, 1.01] | 0.96‡ [0.94, 0.99] | 1.01‡ [1.00, 1.02] | 1.01 [0.98, 1.04] | 1.00 [0.99, 1.00] | 0.98‡ [0.97, 0.99] |
| ≤Poverty level (vs > poverty) | 1.48‡ [1.02, 2.15] | 1.13 [0.51, 2.49] | 0.90 [0.69, 1.18] | 0.55 [0.24, 1.25] | 0.96 [0.80, 1.16] | 0.69 [0.42, 1.15] |
| <HS degree education (vs ≥ HS degree) | 0.79 [0.62, 1.00] | 0.61 [0.29, 1.30] | 1.04 [0.83, 131] | 0.78 [0.38, 1.60] | 1.04 [0.89, 1.22] | 1.71‡ [1.01, 2.90] |
| # of MD visits§ | 0.95 [0.83, 1.08] | 0.86 [0.58, 1.29] | 1.06‡ [1.02, 1.10] | 1.13‡ [1.02, 1.24] | 1.02‡ [1.01, 1.03] | 1.00 [0.99, 1.01] |
| HbA1c value§ | 1.06‡ [1.01, 1.12] | 1.08 [0.95, 1.24] | 1.01 [0.96, 1.05] | 1.03 [0.90, 1.17] | 1.02 [0.99, 1.04] | 1.00 [0.95, 1.06] |
| Any diabetes-related hospitalization§ | 1.10† [1.04, 1.16] | 1.04 [0.91, 1.18] | 0.86 [0.67, 1.10] | 2.01 [0.74, 5.50] | 1.03 [0.90, 1.17] | 0.96‡ [0.84, 1.10] |
| Body mass index§ | 1.00 [0.98, 1.01] | 1.00 [0.96, 1.04] | 1.00 [0.98, 1.01] | 0.99 [0.96, 1.02] | 0.98 [0.97, 1.00] | 0.96 [0.94, 0.99] |
| # of Non-diabetes Rxs§ | 1.04 [0.99, 1.10] | 1.17‡ [1.02, 1.35] | 1.45† [1.32, 1.59] | 1.46‡ [1.11, 1.93] | 1.19‡ [1.15, 1.23] | 1.16† [1.10, 1.23] |
| Black-income interaction | 0.48‡ [0.27, 0.86] | – | – | – | – | – |
Interaction terms with p > 0.05 were not included in the final model; analyses adjusted for health centers with disproportionately high numbers of black patients
*Based on years 2–5 of the follow-up period
†p < 0.05
‡p < 0.001
§Time varying covariates were entered into the model with 1-month/quarter time lag for the Cox PH models. GEE models were adjusted for clinical status and utilization of services in that year.