Table 2.

Effects of phenolic compounds on cell viability and on LPS-induced (100 ng/ml) NO production in J774 macrophages. No detectable NO production was found in untreated cells. Mean ± standard error of mean (SEM).

Class	Toxicity (a)	NO production (inhibition%)
Derivatives	[100 μM]	[10 μM]	[100 μM]
LPS 100 ng/ml		0	0
Flavones
Acacetin	+
Apigenin	+
Flavone	−	$20.4\pm 1.7$	$92.8\pm 0.6$
Luteolin	+
Luteolin-7-glucoside	−	$3.1\pm 1.7$	$38.6\pm 1.1$
Vitexin	−	$-1.9\pm 0.8$	$6.2\pm 0.7$
Isoflavones
Daidzein	−	$11.3\pm 6.3$	$70.3\pm 3.1$
Genistein	−	$11.6\pm 2.4$	$97.4\pm 0.2$
Genistin	−	$9.7\pm 2.1$	$13.3\pm 2.0$
Flavonols
Isorhamnetin	−	$3.5\pm 0.9$	$65.1\pm 1.6$
Kaempferol	−	$8.4\pm 2.2$	$99.6\pm 0.2$
Morin	−	$4.8\pm 1.3$	$40.8\pm 2.4$
Myricetin	−	$-0.6\pm 2.6$	$32.3\pm 2.8$
Quercetin	−	$-1.5\pm 5.1$	$89.7\pm 0.3$
Quercitrin	−	$5.1\pm 0.8$	$19.1\pm 0.8$
Rhamnetin	+
Rutin	−	$-2.2\pm 2.0$	$8.7\pm 1.0$
Flavanones
Naringenin	−	$14.7\pm 1.3$	$59.6\pm 3.3$
Naringin	−	$1.9\pm 2.5$	$3.9\pm 2.1$
Taxifolin	−	$3.1\pm 1.8$	$23.9\pm 1.8$
Flavan-3-ols
+ Catechin	+
− Epicatechin	−	$-0.6\pm 1.8$	$-0.1\pm 1.0$
Procyanidin B1	−	$-8.4\pm 1.4$	$-2.2\pm 1.9$
Procyanidin B2	−	$-0.6\pm 2.5$	$0.8\pm 1.7$
Anthocyanins
Cyanidin	−	$-4.9\pm 3.8$	$5.3\pm 1.8$
Pelargonidin	−	$4.5\pm 1.1$	$59\pm 0.8$
HBA (b)
Benzoic acid	−	$0.7\pm 2.0$	$-4.0\pm 1.5$
Dodecyl gallate	+
Ellagic acid	−	$-15.1\pm 3.0$	$38.2\pm 1.9$
Gallic acid	+
Methyl gallate	−	$11.2\pm 0.9$	$30.5\pm 1.0$
Octyl gallate	+
Syringic acid	−	$6.7\pm 1.5$	$5.1\pm 1.6$
HCA (c)
Chlorogenic acid	−	$-4.8\pm 3.5$	$-0.9\pm 2.0$
Ferulic acid	−	$6.6\pm 1.1$	$9.0\pm 1.5$
Sinapic acid	−	$8.9\pm 1.9$	$5.2\pm 1.3$
	$n=6$	$n=6$	$n=6$

^(a)Cytotoxicity was tested by XTT-test and compounds that showed cytotoxicity at 100 μM concentrations were excluded from further study. ^(b)HBA = hydroxybenzoic acid, ^(c)HCA = hydroxycinnamic acid, n = number of replicates.