Cabana et al. [21] |
2002 |
3,163 |
Single MCO |
Cross-sectional |
Utilization |
Logistic regression; likelihood of specialty care |
Medicaid vs. non-Medicaid insured |
Private with copay: OR = 2.52, p < 0.05 Private w/o copay: OR = 3.40, p = NS |
Single MCO with Medicaid and private; patients do not choose |
Damiano et al. [22] |
2003 |
463 |
State SCHIP |
Prospective cohort |
Unmet need |
McNemar; unmet need pre- vs. post-enrollment |
SCHIP vs. prior coverage |
40% vs. 13%; p < 0.05 |
No consideration of selection into program |
Davidoff et al. [23] |
2005 |
3413 |
National Health Interview Survey |
Quasi-experimental |
Utilization |
Change in proportion with any visit |
SCHIP ineligible vs. SCHIP eligible |
+3.8, p = NS |
Groups compared on eligibility, not enrollment |
Forrest et al. [24] |
1999 |
27,104 |
National practice-based research network |
Prospective |
Referral rates |
t-test, percent referred; logistic regression, likelihood of referral to specialty |
Medicaid vs. Private |
4.46% vs. 2.61%, p < 0.001 |
No consideration of selection into coverage type |
Holl et al [25] |
2000 |
1,730 |
Single SCHIP |
Quasi-experimental |
Utilization |
Change in proportion with any specialist visit |
Prior to SCHIP enrollment vs. after enrollment |
Age < 1 year: 15.5% vs. 16.1%, p = NS; Age 1–5 years: 19.7% vs. 19.4%, p = NS |
No consideration of selection into program |
Hwang et al. [26] |
2005 |
54 |
Clinics in a single state |
Cross-sectional |
Appointment availability |
t-test, proportion offering appointment |
Private insurance vs. Medicaid |
96% vs. 41%, p < 0.0001 |
Physician offices; no patient selection |
Kempe et al. [27] |
2000 |
596 |
Pediatric practices in a single state |
Retrospective cohort |
Referral rates |
χ2; proportion with referral |
Private insurance vs. Medicaid |
11% vs. 20%, p = 0.09 |
No consideration of selection into coverage type |
Kempe et al [28] |
2005 |
480 |
Single SCHIP |
Prospective cohort |
Utilization |
Logistic regression; saw specialist when needed; any specialist visit |
Prior to enrollment vs. after enrollment |
OR = 1.96, p < 0.05; OR = 1.22, p = NS |
No consideration of selection into program |
Mayer et al. [13] |
2004 |
38,866 |
National Survey of CSHCN |
Cross-sectional |
Unmet need |
Logistic regression; likelihood of unmet need for specialty care |
Private insurance vs. Medicaid and SCHIP |
Medicaid: OR = 1.26, p = NS; SCHIP: OR = 0.82, p = NS |
No consideration of selection into coverage type |
Ortega et al. [29] |
2001 |
1,002 |
Multiple hospitals; single geographic region |
Retrospective cohort |
Utilization |
χ2;percent seeing an asthma specialist |
Private insurance vs. Medicaid |
30% vs. 6%, p < 0.001 |
No consideration of selection into coverage type |
Park et al. [14] |
2002 |
1,985 |
National Health Interview Survey |
Cross-sectional |
Utilization |
Proportion having seen a specialist |
Private insurance vs. public insurance |
Less likely vs. private insurance |
No consideration of selection into coverage type |
Perlstein et al. [15] |
1997 |
544 |
Regional cardiac registry |
Retrospective cohort |
Time to referral |
t-test; mean age at referral |
Medicaid vs. "commercial" |
168 days vs. 80 days, p < 0.05 |
No consideration of selection into coverage type |
Price et al. [34] |
1999 |
94 |
Single hospital |
Cross-sectional |
Utilization |
t-test; number of specialist visits |
Medicaid vs. fee-for-service |
All: 3 vs. 6, p = NS; asthma-related: 2 vs.4, p < 0.05 |
No consideration of selection into coverage type |
Szilagyi, et al. [31] |
2000 |
187 |
Single SCHIP, children with asthma |
Quasi-experimental |
Utilization |
χ2 and t-test; percent seeing specialist, number of visits |
Prior to SCHIP enrollment vs. after enrollment |
Any specialist: 30% vs. 40%, p = 0.02; Visits: 0.36 vs. 0.48, p = 0.02 |
No consideration of selection into program |
Szilagyi, et al. [16] |
2000 |
2,126 |
Single SCHIP |
Quasi-experimental |
Utilization |
t-test, difference in number of specialist visits |
Prior to SCHIP enrollment vs. after enrollment |
0.174 more visits after enrollment, p < 0.001 |
No consideration of selection into program |
Szilagyi et al. [30] |
2004 |
2,644 |
Single SCHIP |
Prospective cohort |
Utilization and unmet need |
Logistic regression, change in unmet needs pre- and post-enrollment |
Prior to SCHIP enrollment vs. after enrollment |
15.5 percentage point decrease after enrollment, p < 0.01 |
No consideration of selection into program |
Wang et al. [32] |
2004 |
100 |
Clinics in single state |
Cross-sectional |
Appointment availability |
Percentage comparisons, no statistical test, percent offering an appointment |
Private PPO vs. Medicaid |
97% vs. 27% |
Physician offices; no patient selection |
Zwanziger, et al. [33] |
2000 |
1,910 |
Single SCHIP |
Quasi-experimental |
Utilization |
OLS, change in expenditures pre- and post-enrollment |
Prior to SCHIP enrollment vs. after enrollment |
$71.85 increase after enrollment |
No consideration of selection into program |