Effect of glycerol binding on the “aromatic triad” and FAD ϕ-angle. (A, B) A comparison of Tyr107, Phe444, Tyr446, and Gln447 conformations before (A) and after (B) glycerol binding. (C, D) A comparison of the isoalloxazine “butterfly bend” before (C) and after (D) glycerol binding; the angle (ϕ) between the dimethylbenzene and pyrimidine rings was calculated using SHELX.