Fig. 2.

Orthograde filling of root canals with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) as an apexification material represents a contemporary version of the primary monoblock in attempts to strengthen immature tooth roots. A. Pre-operative radiograph of a central incisor (tooth 8) with incompletely formed root and open root apex that was necrotic and exhibiting radiographic signs of chronic apical periodontitis. B. Post-operative radiograph of an apexification procedure that was performed with orthograde filling of the entire root with white MTA. C. A 14 month post-treatment radiograph showing gradual bone regeneration along the periapex.