Table 7.
Predictors in different risk domains
| Medical variables | Self reported functioning/disability | Occupational factors | Psychosocial factors | Sociodemographic | Management (Interventions) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carey 2000 [4] | Good functional status at 4 weeks (−)/self declared impairment (+) | |||||
| Dionne 1997 [10] | Number of pain days in the past 6 months (+) | Roland-Morris (+) | SCL-90-R Depression (+) SCL-90-R Somatization (+) |
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| Dionne et al. 1997 [10]decision rule | SCL-90-R Depression (+) SCL-90-R Somatization (+) |
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| Dionne 2005 [9] | SCL-90-R Depression (+) SCL-90-R Somatization (+) |
|||||
| Epping-Jordan 1998 [13] Prediction for 12 months |
Pain intensity (Descriptor Differential Scale) (+/-) | Disability score at 2 months (Sickness Impact Profile) (+) | Depression (Beck depression inventory) (+) |
Income (−), Minority Ethnicity (+), Age (+) | ||
| Epping-Jordan 1998 [13] Prediction for 6 months |
Pain intensity (Descriptor Differential Scale) (+) |
Disability score (SIP Sickness Impact Profile) (+) | Depression (+) (Beck Depression Inventory) (+) |
Income (+), Minority Ethnicity (+), Age (−) | ||
| Hansson 2000 [14] Denmark | Age (+), Gender (female +) | Physical therapy (+) | ||||
| Hansson 2000 [14] Germany | Psychological demand (+) | Age (+) | Treatment (heat and cold) (+) | |||
| Hansson 2000 [14] Israel | Age (+) | |||||
| Hansson 2000 [14] Netherlands | Decision latitude (control) (−) | Age (+), Gender (female +) | ||||
| Hansson 2000 [14] Sweden | Surgery during first year (+) | Psychological demand (+) | Age (+), Gender (female +) | |||
| Hansson 2000 [14] US | Physical job demands (+) | Psychological demand (+) | Age (+), Gender (female +) | Treatment received before sick leave (+) Back-School program (+) |
||
| Karjalainen 2003 [20] | Intensity of pain (+) BMI (+) |
Oswestry disability index (+) Perceived risk of not recovering (+) |
Age (+) | |||
| Klenerman 1995 [23] | Pain (+) Side flexion, sagittal extension& flexion, neurological deficit, nerve root thethering, ability to sit |
Oswestry disability index (+) Roland and Morris disability (+) |
Inappropriate signs and symptoms, MSPQ, Zung Depression (+) Fear-avoidance (+) |
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| Loisel 2002 [27] | Radiating pain (QTFC) (+) | |||||
| Truchon 2005 [36] | Disability (+) | Coping (CPCI): Guarding (+), Resting (−), Asking for assistance (+), Relaxation (+), Task persistence (+), Exercise/Stretch (−), Coping self-statements (+), Seeking social support (+). Catastrophizing (+) | Age (−), Gender (female +), Education (−) | |||
| Van der Weide 1999 [39] Predicting 3 months |
Pain intensity (+) | Avoidance coping style | Intervention group (+) | |||
| Van der Weide 1999 [39] Predicting 12 months |
Lack of variation in work (+) | Lack of energy (+) Social isolation (+) Emotional effort (−) |
Intervention group (+) | |||
| Von Korff 1993 [42] | Pain Grade (+) Pain history (days with pain) (+) Recentness (−) |
Age (U-shaped relationship), Gender (female +), Education (less than 12 years +), Ethnicity (Black +) | Disability payments (+) | |||
| Von Korff 2005 [43] | Pain severity (+) Pain history (days with pain) (+) Number of pain sites (+) |
SCL-90 R Depression scale (+) | ||||
| Wahlgren 1997 [46] | Pain intensity (Descriptor Differential Scale) (+) | Sickness Impact Profile (+) | Depression (Beck Depression Index (+) | |||
| Williams 1998 [47] | Orthopaedic impairment (+) | Sickness Impact Profile (+) | Job satisfaction (−) | Minority Ethnicity (+) |
Latent variables that remained in the final models and instruments. A positive sign in the parentheses indicates that this factor is positively related to restricted function, i.e. age (+) indicates that older age is associates with an increased chance of restricted function at follow up, or: treatment (Heat and Cold) (+) is a risk factor for restricted function. A negative sign in the parentheses indicates a negative relationship with restricted function, i.e. Income (−) indicates that less income is related to persistent function restriction