Table 2.
Univariate analyses for factors from the MD and MRI data sheets associated with a diagnosis of LSS
| LSS (−), n = 246 | LSS (+), n = 222 | Odds ratio | 95% CI | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | |||||
| <60 | 37.9% | 15.3% | Reference | ||
| 60–70 | 23.5% | 24.8% | 2.61 | 1.53–4.44 | <0.001 |
| >70 | 31.8% | 64.4% | 4.66 | 2.89–7.49 | <0.001 |
| Gender (female) | 45.5% | 46.4% | 1.04 | 0.72–1.49 | 0.851 |
| Onset | 0.003 | ||||
| 1st quartile (<1 month) | 30.1% | 18.5% | Reference | ||
| 2nd quartile (1–5 months) | 25.6% | 23.9% | 1.52 | 0.90–2.58 | 0.121 |
| 3rd quartile (6–12 months) | 23.6% | 25.2% | 1.74 | 1.03–2.96 | 0.040 |
| 4th quartile (≥13 months) | 17.5% | 30.6% | 2.85 | 1.66–4.90 | <0.001 |
| Missing data | 3.3% | 1.8% | 0.90 | 0.26–3.18 | 0.873 |
| Symptoms | |||||
| Leg pain or numbness (+) | 44.7% | 57.7% | 1.68 | 1.17–2.43 | 0.005 |
| Low back pain (+) | 58.5% | 66.2% | 1.39 | 0.95–2.02 | 0.088 |
| Intermittent claudication (+) | 22.0% | 82.0% | 16.18 | 10.25–25.53 | <0.001 |
| Bilateral plantar numbness (+) | 12.6% | 27.0% | 2.57 | 1.59–4.15 | <0.001 |
| Urinary disturbance (+) | 2.0% | 14.0% | 7.82 | 2.99–20.50 | <0.001 |
| Numbness of perineal region (+) | 1.2% | 4.5% | 3.82 | 1.04–14.07 | 0.044 |
| Exacerbation of symptoms when standing up | 29.7% | 68.0% | 5.04 | 3.40–7.47 | <0.001 |
| Improvement of symptoms when bending forward | 8.1% | 51.8% | 12.14 | 7.17–20.58 | <0.001 |
| Symptoms related to cauda equina syndromea | 0.8% | 5.9% | 7.59 | 1.69–34.01 | 0.008 |
| Comorbidity | |||||
| Diabetes (−) | 82.9% | 83.3% | 1.03 | 0.63–1.67 | 0.97 |
| Hypertension (+) | 23.6% | 41.9% | 2.34 | 1.57–3.48 | <0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia (+) | 7.3% | 13.1% | 1.90 | 1.03–3.53 | 0.041 |
| Physical examination | |||||
| Peripheral artery circulation | |||||
| Badb | 19.5% | 14.9% | Reference | ||
| Good | 57.7% | 73.9% | 1.68 | 1.02–2.76 | 0.041 |
| Missing data | 22.8% | 11.3% | 0.65 | 0.34–1.24 | 0.191 |
| Straight leg raising test positive | 32.9% | 16.7% | 0.41 | 0.26–0.63 | <0.001 |
| Symptoms induced by having patients bend forward (+) | 37.0% | 17.6% | 0.36 | 0.24–0.56 | <0.001 |
| Symptoms induced by having patients bend backward (+) | 45.5% | 69.8% | 2.77 | 1.89–4.05 | <0.001 |
| Abnormal manual muscle strength testc | 6.9% | 9.5% | 1.41 | 0.72–2.74 | 0.315 |
| Sensory disturbance | |||||
| (−) | 56.9% | 49.5% | Reference | ||
| (+)d | 37.8% | 44.6% | 1.00 | 0.99–1.01 | 0.762 |
| Missing data | 5.3% | 5.9% | 1.27 | 0.57–2.86 | 0.559 |
| Achilles tendon reflex | |||||
| Normal | 54.5% | 32.4% | Reference | ||
| Abnormale | 43.5% | 66.2% | 2.56 | 1.75–3.74 | <0.001 |
| Missing data | 2.0% | 1.4% | 1.12 | 0.26–4.81 | 0.882 |
| Patellar tendon reflex | |||||
| Normal | 70.3% | 63.5% | Reference | ||
| Abnormale | 28.5% | 36.5% | 1.42 | 0.96–2.10 | 0.078 |
| Missing data | 1.2% | 0.0% | – | – | – |
aA burning sensation around the buttocks and/or intermittent priapism associated with walking
bAnkle brachial index (API)<0.9, or diminished pulsation of dorsalis pedis artery or posterior tibial artery
cMMT ≤3, Strength was graded from 0 (no movement) to 5 (normal) at the knee extensors, ankle dorsiflexors, and plantar flexors, and extensor hallucis longus
dHypoesthesia, analgesia, or hyperalgesia at the medial knee, dorsal foot, plantar foot, and perineal lesion
eAbsence or low response of deep reflexes