Table 1.

Ranges of motion in axial rotation (AR) in Normal subject or cadaveric specimens from literature

		Level	Flex–ext	Left AR	LB	Flex–ext	RightAR	LB
Peacy (1984)	In vivo	L1–2	0	1	3	0	−1	−3
		L2–3	0	1	3	0	−1	−4
		L3–4	0	2	3	0	−1	−3
		L4–5	0	2	2	0	−1	−1
		L5-S1	0	0	−1	0	−1	2
Panjabi (1994)	In vitoro	L1–2	1.3 ± 0.9	2.3 ± 1.2	1.9 ± 0.8	0.6 ± 1.7	−1.2 ± 0.9	−1.9 ± 0.8
		L2–3	1.0 ± 0.4	1.7 ± 0.9	2.2 ± 1.8	1,2 ± 0.5	−2.7 ± 0.9	−3.1 ± 1.4
		L3–4	1.9 ± 1.4	2.3 ± 0.7	0.2 ± 1.6	0.1 ± 0.3	−2.1 ± 0.9	−1.7 ± 0.7
		L4–5	0.9 ± 1.4	1.2 ± 1.0	−2.2 ± 0.5	1.6 ± 1.0	−2.0 ± 0.9	1.4 ± 0.4
		L5-S1	0.7 ± 1.8	10. ± 1.0	−2.5 ± 1.8	1.3 ± 1.3	−1.1 ± 0.8	2.9 ± 1.1
Authors (2006)	In vivo	Th12-L1	−0.2 ± 0.5	1.2 ± 0.5	−1.2 ± 0.2	−0.1 ± 0.4	−1.1 ± 0.4	0.6 ± 0.3
		L1–L2	0.7 ± 0.5	1.2 ± 0.6	1.6 ± 0.7	0.8 ± 0.7	−1.3 ± 0.5	−1.7 ± 0.7
		L2–L3	1.2 ± 0.6	1.2 ± 0.6	3.0 ± 1.0	0.9 ± 1.0	−1.5 ± 0.4	−2.9 ± 0.9
		L3–L4	1.3 ± 0.6	1.5 ± 0.6	3.8 ± 1.0	1.2 ± 0.5	−1.9 ± 0.6	−2.9 ± 0.8
		L4–L5	0.5 ± 0.4	1.9 ± 0.6	2.0 ± 1.1	1.2 ± 0.7	−1.6 ± 0.5	−1.3 ± 0.8
		L5–S1	1.7 ± 1.6	1.6 ± 0.6	−0.7 ± 0.6	2.1 ± 1.5	−1.7 ± 0.9	0.5 ± 0.7