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Ail is not required for infection or blockage of fleas. (A) Colonization of fleas after an infected-blood meal. (B) Flea blockage during a 4-week period following a single infected-blood meal. (C) Y. pestis CFU associated with infected fleas on day 0 (week 0) and day 28 (week 4). wt, parent strain KIM6+; Δail, strain KIM6+ Δail.
