TABLE 1.
Geographic distribution of infectious agents
| Geographic area | Countries affected | Infectious agents/diseases |
|---|---|---|
| North Africa | Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia | WNV, rabies virus, malaria (very low risk), Leishmania spp., Entamoeba histolytica, Schistosoma spp. (Nile delta), Echinococcus granulosus, lymphatic filariasis (Nile delta), Taenia solium (cysticercosis) |
| West, Central, and East Africa | Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaire), Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique Niger, Nigeria, Reunion Islands (France), Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan Togo, Sao Tome and Principe, Tanzania, Uganda, Western Sahara, Zambia | HTLV-1 (in certain countries), WNV, rabies virus, Histoplasma spp., malaria, Trypanosoma brucei, filariasis, Leishmania spp., Entamoeba histolytica, Echinococcus granulosus, Schistosoma spp., Strongyloides spp., Taenia solium (cysticercosis) |
| South Africa | Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zimbabwe | WNV, rabies virus, Histoplasma spp., malaria, Trypanosoma brucei, Entamoeba histolytica, Schistosoma spp. |
| North America | Canada, United States (including Hawaii) | WNV, rabies virus, Coccidioides immitis, Histoplasma spp., Blastomyces spp., Strongyloides spp., Echinococcus multilocularis, Babesia spp. |
| Central America and Mexico | Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama | WNV, rabies virus Coccidioides immitis, Histoplasma spp. Paracoccidioides spp., malaria (mainly P. vivax but risk of P. falciparum in Panama), Leishmania spp., Entamoeba histolytica, Trypanosoma cruzi, Strongyloides spp., Taenia solium (cysticercosis) |
| Caribbean | Antigua and Barbuda, Anguilla (United Kingdom), Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Bermuda (United Kingdom), Cayman Islands (United Kingdom), Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe (including St. Barthelemy and St. Martin), Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique (France), Montserrat (United Kingdom), The Netherlands Antilles (Bonaire, Curaçao, Saba, St. Eustatius, St. Maarten), Puerto Rico (United States), St. Vincent and the Grenadines, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, Virgin Islands (United Kingdom), Virgin Islands (United States) | HTLV-1, Histoplasma spp., malaria (Plasmodium falciparum in Haiti and Dominican Republic, isolated cases in Jamaica), lymphatic filariasis (Haiti and Dominican Republic), cutaneous leishmaniasis (Dominican Republic), Schistosoma spp. |
| South America | Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, French Guiana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela | HTLV-1, rabies virus, Histoplasma spp., Coccidioides immitis, Paracoccidioides spp., malaria (in certain countries), visceral and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, Trypanosoma cruzi, Entamoeba histolytica, lymphatic filariasis (in certain countries), Strongyloides spp., Taenia solium (cysticercosis), Echinococcus granulosus/Echinococcus multilocularis, Schistosoma spp. |
| Western Europe | Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, The Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, San Marino, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom | Rabies virus, Histoplasma spp. (Mediterranean basin), Blastomyces spp. (Mediterranean basin), visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis (Mediterranean basin), Echinococcus granulosus, Babesia spp. |
| Eastern Europe and Russia | Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Montenegro, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Rumania, Russia, Serbia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan | WNV, rabies virus, malaria (in certain countries) Leishmania spp., Echinococcus granulosus/Echinococcus multilocularis |
| Middle East | Bahrain, Cyprus, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Yemen | HTLV (in localized areas of Iran), WNV, rabies virus, malaria (in certain countries), visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis, filariasis (Yemen), Echinococcus granulosus, Schistosoma spp. (in certain countries) |
| East Asia | China (including Hong Kong and Macau), Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, Taiwan | HTLV-1, WNV, rabies virus, Penicillium marneffei, malaria (in certain countries), visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis, Echinococcus granulosus/Echinococcus multilocularis, Schistosoma spp., Strongyloides spp. |
| Indian subcontinent | Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka | Rabies virus, malaria, visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis, lymphatic filariasis, Entamoeba histolytica, Taenia solium (cysticercosis), Echinococcus granulosus, Schistosoma spp. |
| Southeast Asia | Brunei, Burma (Myanmar), Cambodia, East Timor, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam | Rabies virus, Penicillium marneffei, malaria, lymphatic filariasis, Entamoeba histolytica, Taenia solium (cysticercosis), Schistosoma spp., Strongyloides spp. |
| Oceania (Pacific area) | Australia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia (including Guam [United States] and Northern Mariana Islands), Nauru, Niue (New Zealand), New Caledonia (France), New Zealand, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tokelau (New Zealand), Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Wallis | HTLV-1, malaria (in certain countries), lymphatic filariasis, Entamoeba histolytica, Strongyloides spp., Echinococcus granulosus |