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. 2007 Oct 24;82(1):538–545. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01449-07

FIG. 4.

FIG. 4.

(A to F) Immunohistochemistry-based detection of RANTES and activated caspase 3 in GALT. Increased levels of caspase 3 were observed in GALT during primary HIV infection (B) compared to an uninfected healthy control (A). Caspase 3 (dark pink) signal also overlapped substantially with the epithelial marker Ber EP4 (green), appearing as a light pink stain (×40 magnification in panel C and ×100 magnification in panel D). RANTES expression was also increased (light blue punctuate stain) in primary-stage infections (F) compared to that in uninfected controls (E). (G) Gene expression profile of host immune responses in GALT during primary HIV infection. n-fold increases over uninfected controls in the expression of genes controlling various host response pathways in GALT during primary-stage infection were determined for patients E116, E134, and E154. A broad range of antiviral, cytotoxic, antimicrobial, and humoral response mediators were significantly up regulated. Stronger levels of interferon induction and cytoxic responses correlated with high levels of local viral replication (E154), while lower viral burden was associated with dampened immune responses and increased transcription of cytoprotective genes (E116).