TABLE 1.
Examples of viral proteins that manipulate the UPS
| Virus | Viral protein | UPS interactions | Target | Functional effects | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HPV | E6 | E6AP (HECT type) | p53 | Dysregulates cell cycle | 52 |
| Paramyxovirus SV5 | V | Cul4-DDB1 | STAT1, STAT2 | Overcomes type I interferon responses | 24 |
| Hepatitis B virus | HBX | Cul4-DDB1 | Unknown | Affects apoptosis, DNA repair, and cell cycle and enhances viral replication | 36, 56 |
| Vpu | Cul1-Skp1-β-TrCP1 | CD4 | Enhances viral release, inhibits IκB degradation | 8, 40 | |
| HIV-1 | Vif | Cul5-EloginB-C | APOBEC3G/F | Overcomes restriction | 43, 55, 64 |
| Vpr | DDB1-DCAF1 | Unknown | Induces ATR-dependent cell cycle arrest in G2 | 12, 25, 34, 53, 62 |