Actinomycin D treatment could induce the export of SHDAg and its mutants from the nucleolus. Expression plasmids for SHDAg (clone d) or its NoLS-fused mutant (clone d-2) were used to transfect Huh7 cells with the expression plasmid of the cDNA dimer of the HDV antigenome (AGm) with a two-base deletion in the SHDAg ORF (pCDm2AG). Transfected cells were treated with 0.1 μg/ml actinomycin D at 42 h posttransfection, fixed at 48 h posttransfection, and then analyzed by immunofluorescence assay. Composite I, merged image of the results of HDAg and nucleolin staining; composite II, merged image of the results of HDAg and DAPI (4′,6′-diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining.