Actinomycin D treatment partially rescued the ability of SHDAg-NoLS to facilitate the initiation of HDV genomic RNA (G RNA) synthesis from antigenomic RNA. In vitro transcribed mRNAs of SHDAg (clone d) or clone d-2 were cotransfected with HDV antigenomic RNAs to Huh7 cells. After overnight incubation, the transfected cells were reseeded and treated with 0.1 μg/ml actinomycin D (ActD) for 8 h. Cellular RNA and proteins were extracted 6 days posttransfection, and the expression levels of HDV antigenomic RNA and HDAg were analyzed. P, positive control; N, protein samples from untransfected cells; WB, Western blotting; α, anti.