Table 1.
History, clinical characteristics and drug susceptibility test results in children with culture-confirmed TB according to HIV status (n = 596)
| Characteristic | HIV-uninfected N = 281 (%) | HIV-infected N = 133 (%) | HIV unknown N = 182 (%) | Odds ratio (95% CI)a |
| Previous TB treatment | 26 (9.3) | 40 (30.1) | 16 (8.8) | 0.24 (0.13–0.42) |
| Known TB source case | 152 (54.1) | 73 (54.9) | 70 (38.5) | NS |
| Nutritional status | (n = 276) | (n = 128) | (n = 173)b | |
| Severely malnourished | 53 (19.2) | 26 (20.3) | 20 (11.6) | NS |
| < 3rd percentile WFA | 78 (27.8) | 57 (42.9) | 44 (24.2) | 0.49 (0.31–0.78) |
| Total malnourished | 131 (46.6) | 83 (62.4) | 64 (35.2) | 0.49 (0.31–0.77) |
| TST (Mantoux) positive | 190/232 (81.9) | 50/83c (60.2) | 90/110 (81.8) | 2.99 (1.66–5.38) |
| DST results | (n = 277)d | |||
| All drug resistance | 31 (11.2) | 23 (17.3) | 13 (7.1) | NS |
| INH monoresistance | 21 (7.5) | 12 (9.0) | 10 (5.5) | NS |
| RMP monoresistance | 0 | 2 (1.5) | 0 | |
| MDR | 10 (3.6) | 9 (6.8) | 3 (1.6) | NS |
| TB manifestation: | ||||
| Intrathoracic TB onlye | 126 (44.8) | 84 (63.2) | 96 (52.7) | 0.47 (0.30–0.74) |
| Intra- and extrathoracic TBe | 119 (42.3) | 44 (33.1) | 48 (26.4) | NS |
| Extrathoracic TB only | 37 (13.2) | 5 (3.8) | 37 (20.3) | 3.07 (1.41–11.48) |
| All extrathoracic TB | 156 (55.5) | 49 (36.8) | 85 (46.7) | 2.12 (1.36–3.32) |
CI = confidence interval; WFA = weight for age; TST = tuberculin skin test; DST = drug susceptibility test; INH = isoniazid; RMP = rifampicin; MDR = multidrug-resistant
a: comparison between HIV-uninfected and HIV-infected groups
b: significantly fewer children were malnourished among those not HIV tested compared to those tested for HIV (OR 1.91; 1.30–2.80)
c: only 2 with TST 5–9 mm induration
d: in 4 HIV-uninfected children DST was not done
e: intrathoracic TB includes pleural and pericardial effusions
NS = not significant