Table 4.
Adjusted meansa (standard errors) from linear mixed models analysesb of anthropometric z-scores by pre-natal cocaine exposure group and post-natal time of measurement in months
| Unexposed N=90 | Lighter M=74 | Heavier N=38 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Weight-for-age z-score | |||
| Birth | −0.25 (0.10) | −0.70 (0.10) | −0.65 (0.15) |
| 6* | 0.15 (0.12) | 0.11 (0.13) | 0.30 (0.18) |
| 12 | −0.28 (0.13) | −0.15 (0.14) | −0.03 (0.20) |
| 24 | −0.07 (0.12) | −0.09 (0.13) | 0.19 (0.20) |
| 48* | 0.45 (0.12) | 0.27 (0.13) | 0.40 (0.18) |
| 72 | 0.74 (0.13) | 0.60 (0.14) | 0.63 (0.19) |
| 96 | 0.94 (0.13) | 0.67 (0.15) | 0.71 (0.20) |
| Height-for-age z-score | |||
| Birth | 0.05 (0.11) | −0.41 (0.13) | −0.79 (0.19) |
| 6**** | 0.15 (0.12) | −0.04 (0.13) | 0.23 (0.20) |
| 12 | 0.31 (0.13) | −0.003 (0.14) | 0.15 (0.21) |
| 24*** | −0.07 (0.11) | 0.09 (0.13) | 0.47 (0.20) |
| 48** | 0.27 (0.12) | 0.11 (0.13) | 0.30 (0.21) |
| 72 | 0.36 (0.12) | 0.21 (0.14) | 0.25 (0.22) |
| 96 | 0.25 (0.12) | −0.07 (0.14) | 0.13 (0.22) |
| Weight-for-length/BMI z-score | |||
| Birth | 0.30 (0.09) | 0.20 (0.10) | 0.42 (0.13) |
| 6 | 0.50 (0.14) | 0.40 (0.14) | 0.62 (0.16) |
| 12 | 0.32 (0.14) | 0.23 (0.14) | 0.45 (0.16) |
| 24 | 0.21 (0.12) | 0.12 (0.12) | 0.34 (0.14) |
| 48 | 0.28 (0.13) | 0.19 (0.13) | 0.41 (0.16) |
| 72 | 0.74 (0.13) | 0.65 (0.13) | 0.86 (0.16) |
| 96 | 0.91 (0.13) | 0.81 (0.13) | 1.03 (0.16) |
| Head circumference-for-age z-score | |||
| Birth | −0.44 (0.08) | −0.69 (0.10) | −0.78 (0.18) |
| 6* | 0.34 (0.12) | 0.36 (0.13) | 0.54 (0.22) |
| 12 | 0.51 (0.12) | 0.66 (0.14) | 0.69 (0.25) |
| 24* | 0.67 (0.13) | 0.53 (0.15) | 1.14 (0.24) |
Change from adjusted mean at prior time point by pre-natal cocaine exposure group, p<.05.
Change from adjusted mean at prior time point by pre-natal cocaine exposure group, p<.01.
Change from adjusted mean at prior time point by pre-natal cocaine exposure group, p<.001.
Change from adjusted mean at prior time point by pre-natal cocaine exposure group, p<.0001.
Adjusted for child’s gender, ethnicity, age at assessment, gestational age (GA), mother’s pre-pregnancy weight (for child’s weight), maternal height (for child’s height and HC), and mother’s alcohol, marijuana and tobacco use during pregnancy; interaction terms for age-by-cocaine exposure included in all models except for weight-for-height.
1169 observations on 198 children for weight; 971 observations on 161 children for height (sample size reduced by missing data on maternal height); 1157 observations on 198 children for weight-for-height; 584 observations on 161 children for head circumference (sample limited to data up to 3 years of age).