FIG. 3.

DGGE profiles of the bacteria present on plant roots, in rhizosphere soil, and on the hindgut walls of D. albohirtum third-instar larvae collected from regions approximately 200 km apart in 2005 (lanes 4, 8, and 12) and 2006 (lanes 3, 7, and 11) as determined by using Actinobacteria-specific primers targeting the 16S rRNA gene. Plant roots (lanes 1, 5, and 9) and soil samples (lanes 2, 6, and 10) from the immediate surroundings of the larvae collected in 2006 were collected at the same time as the larvae. The sampling regions were Cairns (lanes 1 to 4), Ayr (lanes 5 to 8), and Mackay (lanes 9 to 12). Letters to the left of lanes indicate dominant bands that were sequenced (Da-4 was isolated from bands i to n, Da-5 was isolated from bands o to t, and Da-3 was isolated from bands u to z) and presented in the phylogenetic tree (Fig. 2).