. 2007 Dec 7;74(3):555–563. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02167-07

TABLE 4.

Survival of category A biological agents as aerosols

Disease and agent (exptl conditions, suspending medium)	Initial titer	Temp (°C)	rH (%)	T₉₀ (h)	T₉₉ (h)	K_i	Reference
Anthrax
Bacillus anthracis (multiple hours in night air)						Complete recovery	62
Bacillus anthracis						4.64 × 10⁻⁷ HPAC^e	82
Tularemia
Francisella tularensis SCHU S5 (PBS^b)	1.5 × 10¹¹ CFU/ml	−40	Ambient	1.02	2.05	0.97	27
Francisella tularensis SCHU S5 (PBS^b)	−29	Ambient	3.97	7.93	0.25
		−7	Ambient	2.68	5.35	0.37
		24	85	1.80	3.60	0.55
		29	85	1.10	2.21	0.90
		35	85	0.48	0.96	2.08
Francisella tularensis LVS (culture medium with a wet dissemination)	3.0 × 10¹⁰ CFU/ml	90		65.6^a	131^a	0.03	20, 21
	80	1.91^a	3.82^a	1.20
	70	1.10^a	2.20^a	2.09
		60		0.28^a	0.57^a	8.00
		50		0.24	0.48^a	9.59
		40		0.24	0.49^a	9.39
		30		0.25	0.50^a	9.20
		20		0.58^a	1.16^a	3.97
		0		0.58^a	1.17^a	3.95
Francisella tularensis LVS (freeze-dried in peptone broth with a dry dissemination)	3.0 × 10¹⁰ CFU/ml	90		0.37^a	0.74^a	6.15	20, 21
	80	0.25	0.50^a	9.20
	70	0.29^a	0.58^a	7.83
	60	0.34^a	0.68^a	6.71
		50		0.37^a	0.75^a	6.09
		40		0.55^a	1.10^a	4.18
		30		0.57^a	1.15^a	4.00
		20		1.76^a	3.51^a	1.31
		0		1.91^a	3.82^a	1.20
Plague
Yersinia pestis A-1122 (HIB^c and/or 1% peptone)	2.0 × 10⁹ cells/ml	26	87	0.29	0.57	3.49	94
Yersinia pestis A-1122 (HIB^c and/or 1% peptone)	26	50	0.48	0.95	2.10
		26	20	0.38	0.75	2.66
Smallpox
Vaccinia virus (HIB)	Not listed	10.5-11.5	20	275^a	551^a	0.00	40
		10.5-11.6	50	123^a	246^a	0.00
		10.5-11.7	80	47.2^a	94.4^a	0.02
		21.0-23.0	20	30.7^a	61.4^a	0.03
		21.0-23.1	50	26.5^a	53.0^a	0.03
		21.0-23.2	80	7.70	15.4	0.13
		31.0-33.5	20	30.9^a	61.9^a	0.03
		31.0-33.6	50	8.63	17.3	0.11
Vaccinia virus (Mcllvaine buffer with 1% horse serum)	Not listed	22	20	55.4^a	111^a	0.01	41
Vaccinia virus (Mcllvaine buffer with 1% horse serum)	10	50	17.1	34.2^a	0.05
		10	80	10.8	21.6	0.09
HF^d
Arenaviridae Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus (HIB)	1.0 × 10¹⁰ mouse IP LD₅₀/ml	9.0-9.5	19	146	291	0.00	40
	1.0 × 10¹⁰ mouse IP LD₅₀/ml	9.0-9.5	48	36.8	73.7	0.02
		9.0-9.5	86	19.5	39.0	0.05
		21-23	19-23	21.9	43.8	0.04
		21-23	50	9.53	19.1	0.10
		21-23	81-86	8.06	16.1	0.12
		20.5-23.5	19	11.0	21.9	0.09
		20.5-23.5	48	4.38	8.76	0.22
		20.5-23.5	81-85	1.16	2.32	0.86
Arenaviridae Lassa virus Josiah strain (Eagle's essential medium with Earle's salts and fetal bovine serum)	6.3 × 10⁶ PFU/ml	24	30	0.89	1.79^a	1.12	81
	24	55	0.92	1.85^a	1.08
	24	80	0.70	1.42^a	1.41
	32	30	1.47^a	2.94^a	0.68
		32	55	1.67^a	3.33^a	0.60
		32	80	1.79^a	3.58^a	0.55
		38	30	1.68^a	3.36^a	0.59
Flaviviridae Japanese encephalitis virus Peking strain (HIB)		24	30	5.59^a	11.2^a	0.17	52
	24	55	4.08^a	8.15^a	0.24
	24	80	2.99^a	5.97^a	0.33
Flaviviridae St. Louis encephalitis Parton strain (bovine albumin, borate, saline)	3.1 × 10⁸ TCID₅₀/ml		80	7.29	14.6	0.13	71
	80	6.14	12.3	0.16
	60	11.5	23.0	0.08
	61	4.79	9.58	0.20
			46	12.7	25.4^a	0.07
			46	10.7	21.5	0.09
			35	25.6^a	51.1^a	0.03
			23	1,438	2,875	0.001
Filoviridae Marburg virus (found not to be stable in air)						3	7

Estimated T₉₀ and T₉₉ are beyond the time measured in the study.

PBS, phosphate buffer solution.

HIB, heart infusion broth.

HF, hemorrhagic fever.

HPAC, the Defense Threat Reduction Agency's hazard prediction and assessment capability.