TABLE 5.

Survival of category A biological agents on fomites

Disease and agent (exptl conditions, suspending medium [titer quantification])a	Initial titer	Fomite	Temp (°C)	rH (%)	T90b	T99	Ki	Reference
Tularemia
Francisella tularensis (LVS in HIB [CFU/surface])	1.7 × 107	Metal	25	100	7.70	15.4	0.13	91
	1.0 × 107	65	15.1	30.2	0.07
	7.0 × 106			10	87.6	175	0.01
	3.5 × 106		37	100	2.22	4.43	0.46
	4.0 × 106			80	2.60	5.21	0.38
	2.3 × 106			65	2.68	5.37	0.37
	3.1 × 106			55	3.98	7.96	0.25
Plague
Yersinia pestis A1122 (HIB with 1% peptone [CFU/surface])	1.2 × 106	Metal	11	30	22.4	44.7	0.04	91
	3.0 × 106	100	30	4.82	9.63	0.20
	3.0 × 106	52	30	0.06	0.12	16.9
	2.1 × 106		52	22	1.44	2.88	0.69
Yersinia pestis A1122 (PB [CFU/surface])	1.5 × 106	Stainless steel	18-22	55	1.01	2.02	0.98	75
	Polyethylene	4.58	9.16	0.21
		Glass			0.89	1.77	1.13
		Paper			13.0	26.1	0.07
Yersinia pestis Harbin (PB and HIB [CFU/surface])	2.8 × 106 in PB	Stainless steel	18-22	55	0.81	1.62	1.24	75
	Polyethylene	1.10	2.20	0.91
		Glass			1.17	2.35	0.85
		Paper			3.87	7.75	0.25
	6.1 × 106 in HIB	Stainless steel	18-22	55	16.8	33.6	0.06
		Polyethylene			15.0	30.1	0.06
		Glass			13.6	27.2	0.07
		Paper			23.6	47.2	0.04
Smallpox
Variola minor (from scabs of infected individuals)		Scabs in envelopes stored for up to 13 yr	15-30	35-98	1,491 days	2,983 days	2.79 × 10−5	93
Vaccinia virus (minimal essential medium plus cell culture medium)	1 × 107 CCID50c/slide	Glass slides	25	96	155	311	6.43 × 10−3	58
		25	55	101	201	9.95 × 10−3
	25	7	156	312	6.41 × 10−3
			37	93	183	367	5.45 × 10−3
			37	55	145	291	6.87 × 10−3
			37	3	160	320	6.25 × 10−3
HF
Bunyaviridae hantavirus 76-118 (minimal essential medium [PFU/ml])	3.5 × 106	Aluminum discs	20	?	1.45	2.91	0.68	39
Sicilian virus Sabin (minimal essential medium [PFU/ml])	8.2 × 106	Aluminum discs	20	?	1.41	2.82d	0.70	39
Crimean-Congo virus (minimal essential medium [PFU/ml])	3.5 × 106	Aluminum discs	20	?	1.08	2.16d	0.92	39
Filovirus Marburg		Dried blood					Stable 4-5 days	7

^aPB, phosphate buffer solution; HIB, heart infusion broth; HF, hemorrhagic fever.

^bUnless otherwise indicated, T values are in hours.

^cCCID₅₀, 50% cell culture infective dose.

^dThe estimated T₉₉ is beyond the time measured in the study.