TABLE 6.

Survival of category A biological agents in water

Disease and agent (exptl conditions, suspending medium)	Initial titer	Temp (°C)	T90	T99	Ki	Reference
Anthrax
Bacillus anthracis (freeze-dried in glass bottles, heated in glycol baths, and then suspended in distilled H2O)	Not listed	100	3.69	7.38a	0.27	23, 24
	90	13.2	26.4	0.07
	80	62.5	125a	0.01
	3	146 yra
Bacillus anthracis Pasteur (pH 7 buffer)	Not listed	70	1.94	3.88	0.52	66
	80	0.14	0.28	7.06
		90	0.01	0.03	69.8
Bacillus anthracis Pasteur (milk)		70	3.42	6.84	0.29
	80	0.26	0.52	3.82
		90	0.02	0.03	60.0
Bacillus anthracis Pasteur (pH 4.5 buffer)		70	0.153	0.307	6.52
	80	0.032	0.063	31.6
		90	0.014	0.028	70.6
Bacillus anthracis Pasteur (orange juice)		70	0.155	0.310	6.45
	80	0.050	0.100	20.0
		90	0.011	0.023	88.2
Bacillus anthracis Vollum (pH 7 buffer)	Not listed	70	3.78	7.56	0.26	66
	80	0.498	0.997	2.01
		90	0.082	0.163	12.2
Bacillus anthracis Vollum (milk)		70	3.30	6.60	0.30
	80	0.405	0.810	2.47
		90	0.112	0.223	8.96
Bacillus anthracis Vollum (pH 4.5 buffer)		70	1.66	3.32	0.60
	80	0.133	0.267	7.50
		90	0.027	0.053	37.5
Bacillus anthracis Vollum (orange juice)		70	1.36	2.72	0.73
	80	0.127	0.253	7.89
		90	0.033	0.067	30.0
Tularemia
Francisella tularensis (tap water)	1 × 106/ml	8	28.7 daysa	33.7 daysa	3.9 × 10−3	32
Francisella tularensis (cell culture medium with wet dissemination)	3.7 × 1010	37	58.0	116	1.73 × 10−2	24
	26	84.8	170	1.18 × 10−2
	15	972	1,944	1.03 × 10−3
		3	3,317	6,633	3.02 × 10−4
		0	2,086	4,171	4.79 × 10−4
Francisella tularensis (freeze-dried in peptone broth with dry dissemination)	Not listed	37	162	325	6.16 × 10−3	24
	27	642	1,284	1.56 × 10−3
	15	3,924	7,848	2.55 × 10−4
		3	26,154	52,309	3.82 × 10−5
		−18	56,552	113,104	1.77 × 10−5
Smallpox
Vaccinia virus (storm water)	Not listed	4.5	29.8 daysa	59.5 daysa	1.40 × 10−3	29
		19-23	72a	144a	1.39 × 10−2
Vaccinia virus (storm water with fetal calf serum)		4.5	29.8 daysa	59.5 daysa	1.40 × 10−3	29
	19-23	5 days	13.9 daysa	3.0 × 10−3
Vaccinia virus (storm water and soil)		4.5	5 days	10 daysa	8.0 × 10−3	29
	19-23	24	29	3.47 × 10−2
Vaccinia virus (tap water)	104-105/ml	9	110 to 150 days	170 to >200 days	1 × 10−3-2.8 × 10−3	60
		15	No data	200 days	4.0 × 10−4
Vaccinia virus (river water/seawater)	104-105/ml	9	110-120 days	>200 days	1 × 10−3-3.4 × 10−3	60
	15	110-160 days	190 to > 200 days	1 × 10−3-2.6 × 10−3
Vaccinia virus (seawater)	4 × 105	11.5	281	562	3.56 × 10−3	8
Vaccinia virus (PBSb)	1 × 106	11.5	320	640	3.13 × 10−3	8
Hemorrhagic fever
Flaviviridae yellow fever virus vaccine strain (0.9% saline)	1.8 × 106	37	39	96.0	1.40 × 10−2	2
Adenovirus (seawater)	1.2 × 104	6	355	710	2.82 × 10−3	8
Adenovirus (PBSb)	1 × 104	11.5	82.6	165	1.21 × 10−2	8
Bunyaviridae hantavirus (cell-free medium)	3.5 × 106/ml	4	30 days	50 days	1.70 × 10−3	39
	20	54	96	2.50 × 10−2
		37	24	48	3.47 × 10−2
Bunyaviridae hantavirus	6.9 × 105/ml	23	6.5 daysa	13 daysa	6.40 × 10−3	49
		4	34.7 daysa	69.4 daysa	1.20 × 10−3
		23	15a	30a	6.50 × 10−2
		4	15.7 daysa	31.4 daysa	2.60 × 10−3
Bunyaviridae Sicilian virus (cell-free medium)	8.2 × 104/ml	4	150 days	325 days	1.00 × 10−4	39
	20	16 days	32 days	2.60 × 10−3
		37	6 days	10.7 days	1.19 × 10−2

^aEstimated T₉₀ and T₉₉ are beyond the time measured in the study and/or extrapolated from a survival curve at high temperature. Unless otherwise indicated, T values are in hours.

^bPBS, phosphate buffer solution.