Figure 2.

The atg11Δ atg17Δ double mutant is defective for autophagosome formation. (A) The wild-type (FRY143; pep4Δ vps4Δ), atg17Δ (HCY31; pep4Δ vps4Δ), atg11Δ (HCY37; pep4Δ vps4Δ), and atg11Δ atg17Δ (HCY38; pep4Δ vps4Δ) strains were grown to mid-log stage in YPD and transferred to SD-N medium for 4 h. Cells were fixed with permanganate and examined by electron microscopy as described in Materials and Methods. (B) Quantification of autophagic body accumulation. 50 sections for each strain were scored for autophagic body accumulation.