LMV, isolated from pig () and human () colon, were preloaded with the standard loading buffer. LMV (100 μg protein per assay) were then incubated in media containing 100 mm mannitol, 80 mm sodium gluconate (60 mm sodium gluconate when Na2SO4 was present in the medium); 20 mm Mes-Tris (pH 5.5), 0.1 mm MgSO4, 1 mm [U-14C]butyrate and the following Na+ salts (20 mm final concentration) acetate, propionate, pyruvate, l-lactate, Cl−, NO3− and SO4−. Uptake was measured at 37 °C for 5 s as before. Values are presented as means ± s.e.m. for three experiments.