Permeability ratios (PX/PCl) for SCN−, NO3−, Br−, Cl−, I−, ClO4−, benzoate and PF6− were taken from Table 1; ionic diameters are as calculated previously (Linsdell & Hanrahan, 1998). In each case the data have been fitted using eqn (2) (see Methods), giving estimates of the functional pore diameter (d) of 0.528 nm for wild-type, 0.576 nm for T338A, 0.549 nm for T338S, 0.510 nm for T338N and 0.540 nm for T338V. Anions examined (in order of increasing diameter) were: SCN−, Cl−, NO3−, Br−, I−, ClO4−, benzoate and PF6−.