A–C: effects of MAPK inhibition on heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) phosphorylation. A549 cells were mock treated (vehicle), treated with the indicated p38 MAPK inhibitor (A), JNK inhibitor (B), or ERK inhibitor (C) for 1 h before infection with RSV at MOI of 2.5 pfu/cell. After 24 h, total cellular proteins were separated on a 12% SDS-PAGE, and phosphorylation of Hsp27 was determined by Western blot analysis using antibodies specific to phospho-Ser78 and phospho-Ser82. As an internal control, the level of nonphosphorylated Hsp27 was determined by probing identical blots with a specific antibody (n = 2).