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Putative signaling mechanisms in vascular ECs and possible treatment targets for DR (? = hypothetical; = potential therapeutic target, PARP = poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase; AGE = advanced glycation end product, PKC = protein kinase C; PKB = protein kinase B, ECM = extracellular matrix; MAPK = mitogen-activated protein kinase, Ox = oxidative stress, BMK1 = big MAPK1, HDAC = histone deacetylase).
