Fig. 1.

Phylogenetic tree of complete mtDNA sequences belonging to haplogroup L1c. The tree is rooted on Hg L1 and shows subhaplogroup affiliations. Mutations are shown on the branches. Transitions are labeled in uppercase letters, transversions are indicated in lowercase letters, deletions are indicated by a “d” after the deleted nucleotide position, and insertions are indicated by a dot, followed by the number and type of inserted nucleotides. Underlined nucleotide positions occur at least twice in the tree. The exclamation mark (!) at the end of a nucleotide position denotes a reversion to the ancestral state in the relative pathway from the rCRS (36). Individuals highlighted in orange correspond to PHG and those in blue to Bantu-speaking AGR. Population codes for each individual are as in Table 1. Coalescence age estimates for the main subhaplogroups are also reported.