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IL-18 secretion by Kupffer cells alone and in co-culture. IL-18 secretion was assessed by ELISA in culture supernatants from six separate experiments. IL-18 increased in response to all three TLR ligands and was similar whether the Kupffer cells were cultured in isolation or in co-culture without or with the intervening transwell membrane. Note that IL-18 secretion was in the range of 50–200 pg/ml. Error bars are means ± SEM.
